Parasite spillover to native hosts from more tolerant, supershedding invasive hosts: implications for management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Ortega ◽  
Elizabeth A. Roznik ◽  
Kerri L. Surbaugh ◽  
Natalia Cano ◽  
Wayne Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Spillover

scholarly journals First reported outbreak of severe spirorchiidiasis in Emys orbicularis, probably resulting from a parasite spillover event

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Iglesias ◽  
JM García-Estévez ◽  
C Ayres ◽  
A Acuña ◽  
A Cordero-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Parasite Spillover

Intestinal parasites of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in northern and western Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna M. Schurer ◽  
Michael Pawlik ◽  
Anna Huber ◽  
Brett Elkin ◽  
H. Dean Cluff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
Diphyllobothrium Latum

Gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) are mobile opportunistic predators that can be infected by a wide range of parasites, with many acquired via predator–prey relationships. Historically, many of these parasites were identified only to genus or family, but genetic tools now enable identification of parasite fauna to species and beyond. We examined 191 intestines from wolves harvested for other purposes from regions in the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Adult helminths were collected from intestinal contents for morphological and molecular identification, and for a subset of wolves, fecal samples were also analyzed to detect helminth eggs and protozoan (oo)cysts. Using both detection methods, we found that 83% of 191 intestines contained one or more parasite species, including cestodes (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., and Diphyllobothrium sp.), nematodes (Uncinaria stenocephala Railliet, 1884, Trichuris spp., Physaloptera spp., and Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902)), a trematode (Alaria sp.), and protozoa (Sarcocystis spp., Giardia sp., and Cryptosporidium spp.). Molecular characterization identified one species of Diphyllobothrium (Diphyllobothrium latum (L., 1758) Cobbold, 1858), three species of Taenia (Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879, Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766, and Taenia multiceps Leske, 1786), and two Giardia duodenalis (Davaine) Deschiens, 1921 assemblages (B and C). These results demonstrate the diverse diet of wolves and illustrate the possibility of parasite spillover among wildlife, domestic animals, and people.

scholarly journals Cross-species pathogen spillover across ecosystem boundaries: mechanisms and theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1782) ◽  
pp. 20180344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Borremans ◽  
Christina Faust ◽  
Kezia R. Manlove ◽  
Susanne H. Sokolow ◽  
James O. Lloyd-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Ecosystem Boundaries ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Species

Pathogen spillover between different host species is the trigger for many infectious disease outbreaks and emergence events, and ecosystem boundary areas have been suggested as spatial hotspots of spillover. This hypothesis is largely based on suspected higher rates of zoonotic disease spillover and emergence in fragmented landscapes and other areas where humans live in close vicinity to wildlife. For example, Ebola virus outbreaks have been linked to contacts between humans and infected wildlife at the rural-forest border, and spillover of yellow fever via mosquito vectors happens at the interface between forest and human settlements. Because spillover involves complex interactions between multiple species and is difficult to observe directly, empirical studies are scarce, particularly those that quantify underlying mechanisms. In this review, we identify and explore potential ecological mechanisms affecting spillover of pathogens (and parasites in general) at ecosystem boundaries. We borrow the concept of ‘permeability’ from animal movement ecology as a measure of the likelihood that hosts and parasites are present in an ecosystem boundary region. We then discuss how different mechanisms operating at the levels of organisms and ecosystems might affect permeability and spillover. This review is a step towards developing a general theory of cross-species parasite spillover across ecosystem boundaries with the eventual aim of improving predictions of spillover risk in heterogeneous landscapes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

scholarly journals Parasite transmission in a natural multihost–multiparasite community

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1719) ◽  
pp. 20160097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart K. J. R. Auld ◽  
Catherine L. Searle ◽  
Meghan A. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Ceriodaphnia Dubia ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Parasite Fitness ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Pasteuria Ramosa ◽  
Parasite Spillover

Understanding the transmission and dynamics of infectious diseases in natural communities requires understanding the extent to which the ecology, evolution and epidemiology of those diseases are shaped by alternative hosts. We performed laboratory experiments to test how parasite spillover affected traits associated with transmission in two co-occurring parasites: the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa and the fungus Metschnikowia bicuspidata . Both parasites were capable of transmission from the reservoir host ( Daphnia dentifera ) to the spillover host ( Ceriodaphnia dubia ), but this occurred at a much higher rate for the fungus than the bacterium. We quantified transmission potential by combining information on parasite transmission and growth rate, and used this to compare parasite fitness in the two host species. For both parasites, transmission potential was lower in the spillover host. For the bacterium, virulence was higher in the spillover host. Transmission back to the original host was high for both parasites, with spillover influencing transmission rate of the fungus but not the bacterium. Thus, while inferior, the spillover host is not a dead-end for either parasite. Overall, our results demonstrate that the presence of multiple hosts in a community can have important consequences for disease transmission, and host and parasite fitness. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Opening the black box: re-examining the ecology and evolution of parasite transmission’.

scholarly journals The relationship between managed bees and the prevalence of parasites in bumblebees

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Graystock ◽  
Dave Goulson ◽  
William O Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Deformed Wing Virus ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pollinator Populations

Honey bees have been domesticated for centuries, and are now managed commercially to pollinate crops and produce hive products. Recently, bumblebee colonies have also been reared commercially and transported worldwide for crop pollination.Mounting evidence suggests that use of managed honey bees or commercially reared bumblebees may affect the health of local bumblebees. The increase in pollinator density and the mixing of managed and wild pollinator populations may augment parasite prevalence in wild bumblebees. Here, we screened 764bumblebees from around five greenhouses that either used commercially reared bumblebees or did not, as well as bumblebees from 10 colonies placed at two sites either close to or far from a honey bee apiary, for the parasites Apicystis bombi, Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, N. ceranae, N. apis and deformed wing virus. We found that two of the parasites were more prevalent in bumblebees that were close to managed honey bees or commercially reared bumblebees. Apicystis bombi and C. bombi were more prevalent around greenhouses using commercially reared bumblebees, while bumblebees from near to the honey bee apiary had an 18% greater prevalence of C. bombi compared to bumblebees far from the apiary. Whilst these results support previous reports of parasite spillover from commercial bumblebees, they also suggest that the prevalence of C. bombi may be elevated by stress or increased pollinator density, in addition potentially to direct spillover from commercial bumblebees. The use of managed bees clearly comes at a cost of increased parasites in wild bumblebees, which is not only a concern for bumblebee conservation, but also a phenomenon that is likely found in other sympatric pollinators around managed bees.

scholarly journals The relationship between managed bees and the prevalence of parasites in bumblebees

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Graystock ◽  
Dave Goulson ◽  
William O Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Deformed Wing Virus ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Honey bees and, more recently, bumblebees have been domesticated and are now managed commercially primarily for crop pollination, mixing with wild pollinators during foraging on shared flower resources. There is mounting evidence that managed honey bees or commercially produced bumblebees may affect the health of wild pollinators such as bumblebees by increasing competition for resources and the prevalence of parasites in wild bees. Here we screened 764 bumblebees from around five greenhouses that either used commercially produced bumblebees or did not, as well as bumblebees from 10 colonies placed at two sites either close to or far from a honey bee apiary, for the parasites Apicystis bombi, Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, N. ceranae, N. apis and deformed wing virus. We found that A. bombi and C. bombi were more prevalent around greenhouses using commercially produced bumblebees, while C. bombi was 18% more prevalent in bumblebees at the site near to the honey bee apiary than those at the site far from the apiary. Whilst these results are from only a limited number of sites, they support previous reports of parasite spillover from commercially produced bumblebees to wild bumblebees, and suggest that the impact of stress from competing with managed bees or the vectoring of parasites by them on parasite prevalence in wild bees needs further investigation. It appears increasingly likely that the use of managed bees comes at a cost of increased parasites in wild bumblebees, which is not only a concern for bumblebee conservation, but which may impact other pollinators as well.

scholarly journals Morpho-molecular characterization of Gyrodactylus parasites of farmed tilapia and their spillover to native fishes in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana García-Vásquez ◽  
Carlos Daniel Pinacho-Pinacho ◽  
Ismael Guzmán-Valdivieso ◽  
Miguel Calixto-Rojas ◽  
Miguel Rubio-Godoy
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
Native Fishes ◽  
Nation Wide Survey ◽  
Molecular Characters

AbstractTranslocation of fishes for aquaculture has resulted in the co-introduction of some of their parasites. African cichlid fishes, generically called “tilapias” have been introduced worldwide, along with their monogenean parasites. In a nation-wide survey, we characterised monogeneans of the genus Gyrodactylus infecting farmed “tilapia” throughout Mexico. We also collected native fishes around farms, to look for potential parasite spillover from cultured fishes. Monogeneans were identified taxonomically using morphological and molecular characters. Originally African, pathogenic Gyrodactylus cichlidarum was recorded in every farm surveyed, infecting different “tilapia” varieties, as well as three native cichlid fish species. Previously, we had shown that G. cichlidarum also infects native, non-cichlid fishes in Mexico. We also recorded that Gyrodactylus yacatli is widely distributed in Mexico, infecting cultured “tilapia” and native fishes; and present data indicating that this is a further translocated African parasite. A third, unidentified gyrodactylid infected farmed and native fishes in Chiapas, southern Mexico; we describe the new species as Gyrodactylus shinni n. sp., and provide evidence that this is a third monogenean translocated with African fish. The wide distribution of exotic parasites co-introduced with “tilapia” and their spillover to native fishes may have an important impact on the ichthyofauna in Mexico, one the world’s megadiverse countries.

scholarly journals Role of conspecifics and personal experience on behavioral avoidance of contaminated flowers by bumblebees

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Fouks ◽  
Emily G Robb ◽  
H Michael G Lattorff
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Crithidia Bombi ◽  
Parasite Spillover ◽  
Indirect Cues ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Abstract Pollinators use multiple cues whilst foraging including direct cues from flowers and indirect cues from other pollinators. The use of indirect social cues is common in social insects, such as honeybees and bumblebees, where a social environment facilitates the ability to use such cues. Bumblebees use cues to forage on flowers according to previous foraging experiences. Flowers are an essential food source for pollinators but also pose a high risk of parasite infection through the shared use of flowers leading to parasite spillover. Nevertheless, bumblebees have evolved behavioral defense mechanisms to limit parasite infection by avoiding contaminated flowers. Mechanisms underlying the avoidance of contaminated flowers by bumblebees are poorly understood. Bumblebees were recorded having the choice to forage on non-contaminated flowers and flowers contaminated by a trypan osome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. The use of different treatments with presence or absence of conspecifics on both contaminated and non-contaminated flowers allowed to investigate the role of social visual cues on their pathogen avoidance behavior. Bumblebees are expected to use social visual cues to avoid contaminated flowers. Our study reveals that the presence of a conspecific on flowers either contaminated or not does not help bumblebee foragers avoiding contaminated flowers. Nevertheless, bumblebees whereas gaining experience tend to avoid their conspecific when placed on contaminated flower and copy it when on the non-contaminated flower. Our experiment suggests a detrimental impact of floral scent on disease avoidance behavior.

Rodent–Pika Parasite Spillover in Western North America

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Foley ◽  
Tara Roth ◽  
Janet Foley ◽  
Chris Ray
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Parasite Spillover

scholarly journals Parasite spillover: indirect effects of invasive Burmese pythons

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 830-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Miller ◽  
John M. Kinsella ◽  
Ray W. Snow ◽  
Malorie M. Hayes ◽  
Bryan G. Falk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Parasite Spillover
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