Different Levels of 5α-Reductase Type I and II, Aromatase, and Androgen Receptor in Hair Follicles of Women and Men with Androgenetic Alopecia

Background: The androgen receptor (AR) is a structurally conserved member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The amino-terminal domain is required for transcriptional activation and contains a region of polyglutamine encoded by CAG trinucleotide repeats. In humans, the number of CAG repeats is polymorphic. Expansion of CAG repeats in the AR has clinical implications for human disease. Objective: Androgens influence androgenetic alopecia (AGA), hirsutism, and acne; the polymorphisms in CAG repeat length may affect the clinical course of patients with these cutaneous disorders. The purpose of this study is to test for an association between these disorders and CAG repeat length. Methods: We analyzed normal lymphocyte genomic DNA from a total of 48 men and 60 women. The CAG repeat region of the AR was amplified by polymerase drain reaction (PCR) and the products were sized on polyacrylamide gels. Results: In normal men and women controls, a range of 12 to 29 trinucleotide repeats was found, with men having 22 ± 4 (M ± SD), women 21 ± 3. Men with AGA had 19 ± 3, whereas women with AGA had 17 ± 3. Men with acne had 21 ± 3, whereas women had 20 ± 3; men with AGA and acne had 18 ± 4; and women with hirsutism had 16 ± 3. Women with a combination of at least two disorders also had 16 ± 3 trinucleotide repeats. Conclusion: Shorter CAG-repeat lengths may be associated with the development of androgen-mediated skin disorders in men and women. These data suggest that CAG-repeat length in AR may affect androgen mediated gene expression in hair follicles and sebaceous glands in men and women with these androgenic skin disorders.

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Evidence of increased DNA methylation of the androgen receptor gene in occipital hair follicles from men with androgenetic alopecia

British Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10335.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 165 (1) ◽

pp. 210-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J.E. Cobb ◽

N.C. Wong ◽

L.W. Yip ◽

J. Martinick ◽

R. Bosnich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Androgen Receptor ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Androgen Receptor Gene ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Androgenetic Alopecia

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and risk for androgenetic alopecia: a meta-analysis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13357348.14726748 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Abraham Zlotogorski ◽

Yuval Ramot

Keyword(s):

Androgen Receptor ◽

Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Androgen Receptor Gene ◽

Androgenetic Alopecia ◽

Receptor Gene Polymorphisms

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Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 465 ◽

pp. 122-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Julieta María Ceruti ◽

Gustavo José Leirós ◽

María Eugenia Balañá

Keyword(s):

Androgen Receptor ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Receptor Action

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Hormones and Hair Growth: Variations in Androgen Receptor Content of Dermal papilla Cells Cultured from Human and Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) Hair Follicles.

Journal of Investigative Dermatology ◽

10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363039 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 101 (s1) ◽

pp. 114S-120S ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Valerie Anne Randall ◽

Margaret Julie Thornton ◽

Andrew Guy Messenger ◽

Nigel Andrew Hibberts ◽

Andrew Stewart Irving Loudon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Androgen Receptor ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Hair Growth ◽

Red Deer ◽

Dermal Papilla ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Dermal Papilla Cells ◽

Cells Cultured

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Required sample size for comparing two independent means

Marine Medicine ◽

10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-2-106-113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 106-113

Author(s):

A. M. Grjibovski ◽

M. A. Gorbatova ◽

A. N. Narkevich ◽

K. A. Vinogradov

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Type I Error ◽

Sample Size Calculation ◽

Biomedical Literature ◽

Type I ◽

Research Practice ◽

False Null Hypothesis ◽

Different Levels ◽

Russian Research

Sample size calculation in a planning phase is still uncommon in Russian research practice. This situation threatens validity of the conclusions and may introduce Type I error when the false null hypothesis is accepted due to lack of statistical power to detect the existing difference between the means. Comparing two means using unpaired Students’ ttests is the most common statistical procedure in the Russian biomedical literature. However, calculations of the minimal required sample size or retrospective calculation of the statistical power were observed only in very few publications. In this paper we demonstrate how to calculate required sample size for comparing means in unpaired samples using WinPepi and Stata software. In addition, we produced tables for minimal required sample size for studies when two means have to be compared and body mass index and blood pressure are the variables of interest. The tables were constructed for unpaired samples for different levels of statistical power and standard deviations obtained from the literature.

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Disorders of Hair

10.2310/fm.1107 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

James Q Del Rosso

Keyword(s):

Hair Loss ◽

Alopecia Areata ◽

Hair Growth ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

Hair Follicles ◽

Common Type ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Androgenetic Alopecia ◽

Broad Overview

A basic knowledge of the hair growth cycle is needed to evaluate disorders of hair growth. This chapter presents a broad overview of the physiology and evaluation of hair growth, as well as discussions of specific types of alopecia. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of androgenetic alopecia, the most common type of nonscarring hair loss, are covered. Diffuse hair shedding is generalized hair loss over the entire scalp. Diagnosis and treatment of telogen effluvium, anagen arrest (anagen effluvium), and other causes of diffuse hair shedding are covered in detail. Alopecia areata, typically characterized by patchy hair loss; cicatricial alopecia, which results from permanent scarring of the hair follicles; and miscellaneous causes of hair loss are also discussed. Tables list the causes of diffuse and cicatricial alopecia, telogen effluvium, and miscellaneous chemicals and categories of drugs that can cause alopecia, as well as miscellaneous causes of hair loss. Included is an algorithm outlining the approach to diagnosing nonscarring alopecia, as well as a variety of clinical photographs. This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 42 references.

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