Low-iron conditions induces the hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity hrp genes expression in Xanthomonas and is involved in modulation of hypersensitive response and virulence

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheo Shankar Pandey ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Patnana ◽  
Yasobanta Padhi ◽  
Subhadeep Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Hrp Genes

Increased Lipoxygenase Activity is Involved in the Hypersensitive Response of Wheat Leaf Cells Infected with A virulent Rust Fungi or Treated with Fungal Elicitor

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Ocampo ◽  
Bruno Moerschbacher ◽  
Hans J. Grambow
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Lipoxygenase Activity ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Wheat Rust

The hypersensitive reaction in incompatible wheat-rust interactions is characterized by an increase in lipoxygenase activity detectable as early as 28 h after penetration of the pathogen. In contrast, lipoxygenase activity in the compatible interaction did not increase until the onset of sporulation.Lipoxygenase activity also increased following treatment of wheat leaves with an elicitor fraction from germ tubes of Puccinia graminis tritici.

scholarly journals An hrcU-Homologous Gene Mutant of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines 8ra That Lost Pathogenicity on the Host Plant but Was Able to Elicit the Hypersensitive Response on Nonhosts

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsik Oh ◽  
Sunggi Heu ◽  
Jae-Yong Yoo ◽  
Yongsup Cho
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Gene Mutant ◽  
Hrp Genes ◽  
Reading Frames

Transposon mutagenesis was used to isolate nonpathogenic mutants of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines 8ra, which causes bacterial pustule disease in soybean. A 6.1-kb DNA region in which a mutation gave loss of pathogenicity was isolated and found to carry six open reading frames (ORFs). Four ORFs had homology with hrcU, hrcV, hrcR, and hrcS genes of Ralstonia solanacearum and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. One nonpathogenic mutant, X. campestris pv. glycines H80, lost pathogenicity on soybean but was able to elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) on nonhost pepper and tomato plants. This mutant still multiplied as well as the wild type in the leaves or cotyledons of soybean. Although the DNA and amino acid sequences showed high homology with known hrp genes, the hrcU-homolog ORF is not required for HR induction on nonhost plants, pepper and tomato, or for the multiplication of bacteria in the host plant. This gene was only required for the pathogenic symptoms of X. campestris pv. glycines 8ra on soybean.

scholarly journals Immunogold Labeling of Hrp Pili of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Assembled in Minimal Medium and In Planta

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqi Hu ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Qiao-Ling Jin ◽  
Patrick Hart ◽  
Sheng Yang He
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Immunogold Labeling ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Hrp Genes

Hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity (hrp) genes are required for Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 to cause disease in susceptible tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana plants and to elicit the hypersensitive response in resistant plants. The hrp genes encode a type III protein secretion system known as the Hrp system, which in Pst DC3000 secretes HrpA, HrpZ, HrpW, and AvrPto and assembles a surface appendage, named the Hrp pilus, in hrp-gene-inducing minimal medium. HrpA has been suggested to be the Hrp pilus structural protein on the basis of copurification and mutational analyses. In this study, we show that an antibody against HrpA efficiently labeled Hrp pili, whereas antibodies against HrpW and HrpZ did not. Immunogold labeling of bacteria-infected Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with an Hrp pilus antibody revealed a characteristic lineup of gold particles around bacteria and/or at the bacterium-plant contact site. These results confirm that HrpA is the major structural protein of the Hrp pilus and provide evidence that Hrp pili are assembled in vitro and in planta.

Genomic localization of tomato genes that control a hypersensitive reaction to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) dye.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z H Yu ◽  
J F Wang ◽  
R E Stall ◽  
C E Vallejos
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Interspecific Backcross ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Chromosome I

Abstract Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria causes bacterial spot, one of the most serious diseases of tomatoes. The lycopersicon esculentum accession 'Hawaii 7998' is the only reliable source of resistance to race 1 strains of the pathogen. This resistance is associated with a hypersensitive reaction controlled by multiple nondominant genes. The inoculated area becomes fully necrotic 24 hr after inoculation in 'Hawaii 7998,' whereas full necrosis is observed 5 and 4 days after inoculation in the susceptible species L. pennellii (LA 716) and their F1, respectively. An interspecific backcross population, using 'Hawaii 7998' as the recurrent parent, was analyzed to determine the linkage relationships between the resistance genes and 135 molecular marker loci. The range of responses of the BC1 population included those of the parents. Linkage to a hypersensitive response factor was assessed by comparing the rates of necrosis development between homozygous and heterozygous plants at 8 hr-intervals. Three factors that affect the hypersensitive response of 'Hawaii 7998' were detected. One factor is on the short arm of chromosome I, another on the long arm of chromosome I, and a third on the long arm of chromosome 5. These factors appeared to act independently and to have additive effects.

scholarly journals Type III Secretion Contributes to the Pathogenesis of the Soft-Rot Pathogen Erwinia carotovora: Partial Characterization of the hrp Gene Cluster

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 962-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rantakari ◽  
O. Virtaharju ◽  
S. Vähämiko ◽  
S. Taira ◽  
E. T. Palva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Hrp Genes ◽  
Soft Rot Erwinia

The virulence of soft-rot Erwinia species is dependent mainly upon secreted enzymes such as pectinases, pectin lyases, and proteases that cause maceration of plant tissue. Some soft-rot Erwinia spp. also harbor genes homologous to the hypersensitive reaction and pathogenesis (hrp) gene cluster, encoding components of the type III secretion system. The hrp genes are essential virulence determinants for numerous nonmacerating gram-negative plant pathogens but their role in the virulence of soft-rot Erwinia spp. is not clear. We isolated and characterized 11 hrp genes of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Three putative σL-dependent Hrp box promoter sequences were found. The genes were expressed when the bacteria were grown in Hrp-inducing medium. The operon structure of the hrp genes was determined by mRNA hybridization, and the results were in accordance with the location of the Hrp boxes. An E. carotovora strain with mutated hrcC, an essential hrp gene, was constructed. The hrcC¯ strain was able to multiply and cause disease in Arabidopsis, but the population kinetics were altered so that growth was delayed during the early stages of infection.

scholarly journals The Presence of hrp Genes on the Pathogenicity-Associated Plasmid of the Tumorigenic Bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Nizan ◽  
Isaac Barash ◽  
Lea Valinsky ◽  
Amnon Lichter ◽  
Shulamit Manulis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Erwinia Herbicola ◽  
Hrp Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Bacterial Genes

The pathogenicity-associated plasmid (pPATH) of Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg), which is present only in pathogenic strains, contains a gene cluster encoding indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin biosynthesis. The transposon-reporter Tn3-Spice was used to generate nonpathogenic mutants on two overlapping cosmids, pLA150 and pLA352, of the pPATH. A cluster of such mutations, which spanned 16 kb, mapped approximately 15 kb from the gene cluster involved in phytohormone biosynthesis. Non-pathogenic mutants also failed to elicit the hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco. Pathogenicity and HR were restored concomitantly to these mutants by in trans complementation with wild-type Ehg DNA. A 3.8-kb HindIII DNA fragment that complemented the hrp mutants was sequenced and six complete and two partial open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the eight ORFs showed striking homology and co-linearity with hrp genes of E. amylovora as well as with other plant and mammalian pathogenic bacterial genes encoding proteins of the type III secretion system. Limited DNA sequencing at various sites on the remaining 11-kb region of pLA352 also showed high identity to Hrp proteins of E. amylovora, E. stewartii, and Pseudomonas syringae. These results suggest that hrp genes are mandatory for gall formation by E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Type III Secretion System in Phytopathogenic Bacteria

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Tang ◽  
Yanmei Xiao ◽  
Jian-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Hrp Genes

The type III secretion system (TTSS) is a specialized protein secretion machinery used by numerous gram-negative bacterial pathogens of animals and plants to deliver effector proteins directly into the host cells. In plant-pathogenic bacteria, genes encoding the TTSS were discovered as hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, because mutation of these genes typically disrupts the bacterial ability to cause diseases on host plants and to elicit hypersensitive response on nonhost plants. The hrp genes and the type III effector genes (collectively called TTSS genes hereafter) are repressed in nutrient-rich media but induced when bacteria are infiltrated into plants or incubated in nutrient-deficient inducing media. Multiple regulatory components have been identified in the plant-pathogenic bacteria regulating TTSS genes under various conditions. In Ralstonia solanacearum, several signal transduction components essential for the induction of TTSS genes in plants are dispensable for the induction in inducing medium. In addition to the inducing signals, recent studies indicated the presence of negative signals in the plant regulating the Pseudomonas syringae TTSS genes. Thus, the levels of TTSS gene expression in plants likely are determined by the interactions of multiple signal transduction pathways. Studies of the hrp regulons indicated that TTSS genes are coordinately regulated with a number of non-TTSS genes.

scholarly journals Different Resistance Mechanisms of Medicago truncatula Ecotypes Against the Rust Fungus Uromyces striatus

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kemen ◽  
Matthias Hahn ◽  
Kurt Mendgen ◽  
Christine Struck
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Germ Tubes

A pathosystem consisting of the model plant Medicago truncatula and the rust fungus Uromyces striatus was characterized. From a collection of 113 mostly European accessions of M. truncatula, the vast majority were found to be susceptible to U. striatus, whereas 5 accessions showed strong resistance reactions. Stomatal surface characteristics, even if partly occluded, did not interfere with the ability of U. striatus germ tubes to infect. After penetration, the resistant ecotypes reacted with various degrees of cell death during different stages of haustorial establishment. Whereas four ecotypes showed a typical hypersensitive reaction by developing necrotic lesions, one ecotype (F11.008) exhibited a prehaustorial type of defense without hypersensitive response. This ecotype may be used as a source of nonhost-type of resistance against U. striatus.

scholarly journals Systematic Mutagenesis of All Predicted gntR Genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Reveals a GntR Family Transcriptional Regulator Controlling Hypersensitive Response and Virulence

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1027-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Qi An ◽  
Guang-Tao Lu ◽  
Hui-Zhao Su ◽  
Rui-Fang Li ◽  
Yong-Qiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Hrp Genes ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris ◽  
Gntr Family

The GntR family is one of the most abundant and widely distributed groups of helix-turn-helix transcriptional regulators in bacteria. Six open reading frames in the genome of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris were predicted to encode GntR regulators. All six of the predicted GntR-encoding genes were individually mutagenized and mutants from five of them were successfully obtained. Plant disease response assays revealed that one, whose product belongs to the YtrA subfamily and has been named HpaR1, is involved in the hypersensitive response (HR) and virulence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vitro transcription assays revealed that HpaR1 could repress its own transcription level through binding to its promoter sequence, indicating an autoregulatory feedback inhibition mechanism for HpaR1 expression. Promoter-gusA reporter and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that HpaR1 positively and negatively affects the expression of HR and pathogenicity (hrp) genes in host plant and standard media, respectively. Constitutive expression of the key hrp regulator, hrpG, in the hpaR1 mutant could bypass the requirement of HpaR1 for the induction of wild-type HR, suggesting that HpaR1 regulates the expression of hrp genes that encode the type III secretion system via hrpG.

scholarly journals Involvement of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Tsuge ◽  
Hirokazu Ochiai ◽  
Yasuhiro Inoue ◽  
Takashi Oku ◽  
Kazunori Tsuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Transposon Mutagenesis ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phosphoglucose Isomerase ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Hrp Genes

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, was subjected to transposon mutagenesis to generate mutants defective in pathogenicity. A novel mutant 74M913 was attenuated in virulence but retained its ability to cause the hypersensitive response in leaf blight-resistant rice and tomato. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed that the transposon in 74M913 was inserted in a gene homologous to the phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) gene of X. axonopodis pv. citri. Growth of the mutant in a synthetic medium containing fructose or xylose as a sole carbohydrate source was much reduced, indicating the transposon disrupted pgi function. The interaction between expression of pgi and hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes was investigated because we had demonstrated previously that expression of hrp genes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is induced in a synthetic medium containing xylose. However, pgi and the hrp gene (hrcU) were expressed independently. This study suggests that PGI is involved in pathogenicity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.

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