COMPETING HERITAGE: CURATING THE POST-CONFLICT HERITAGE OF ROMAN SYRIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-165
Author(s):  
NOUR A. MUNAWAR
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Cultural Patrimony ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
Continuous Destruction

AbstractSince the beginning of the armed conflicts and public uprisings that accompanied and followed the ‘Arab Spring’ that started in 2010, cultural heritage sites have been hit hard, damaged and often destroyed by different perpetrators. The Syrian Civil War has resulted in unprecedented damage to cultural heritage sites, monuments, and facilities. This has provoked observers, politicians, and international and national non-government organizations to debate about the impacts of damaging Syria's ‘irreplaceable’ patrimony and how to safeguard its past from the ongoing destructive actions. This paper investigates the transformation of the terminology of heritage—and the uses of heritage—in Syria before and during the ongoing conflict, and how the internationally renowned term ‘heritage’ emerged to promote the destruction of Syria's cultural patrimony. This paper explores the semantics and impacts of the continuous destruction and the ongoing reconstruction plans on the cultural heritage of Syria. To conclude, I argue that those destructive actions started a process of ‘heritagizing’ the present which will eventually become a part of the Syrian collective memory.

scholarly journals VERNACULAR REHABILITATION AND REBUILDING FOR POST-CONFLICT MIGRATION AND RESETTLING

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 901-906
Author(s):  
M. Dabaieh ◽  
M. Andriasyan
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Site Planning ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
The Arab Spring

Abstract. Internal and external migration from vernacular settlements is not a new phenomenon. However, the scale and scope increased when forced migration is becoming exacerbated due to both armed conflicts and climate change. Political tensions are one of the most common threats to vernacular dwellings in conflict areas. Not only do destruction and vandalism cause harm to vernacular architecture, but people living in vernacular buildings are often forced to leave their homes in order to seek safety. On the other hand, vernacular architecture can help refugee crises in hosting countries. Billions of dollars are invested in establishing temporary refugee camps, yet we know for a fact they are rarely temporary. People stay in such camps for decades, commonly Cons located on the outskirts of cities, where vernacular settlements also tend to be. Investments in rebuilding, restoring and reusing vernacular settlements can be a win-win situation. The time and cost of the rehabilitation process might also not be suitable to many camps, or camp-like, contexts. Also, encounters some regulations for listed vernacular heritage sites that cannot be used as dwellings and must be kept as open museums. In this study, a proposal for reusing and rehabilitating vernacular settlements will be discussed together with reflections on challenges and obstacles. The case study chosen for this research is in the Middle East, where the majority of refugees settled after the Arab Spring. This paper demonstrates a methodology in which algorithmic modelling is applied to refugee settlement site planning.

scholarly journals UNESCO international activities to protect the cultural heritage of Iraq and Syria in 2015-2017

nauka.me ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Olesia Gretskaia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Activities

The article focuses on the international activities of UNESCO (2015-2017) to protect the world cultural heritage in Iraq and Syria from the devastating consequences of armed conflicts and terrorist attacks. The author pays special attention to aspects of the Organization's strategy for the prevention of the destruction of World Heritage sites (or their restoration) and the suppress of the illegal trade of cultural property. This strategy includes establishing cooperation with other international organizations and states, and the article gives examples of international contacts on the protection of cultural heritage.

scholarly journals UNESCO Experts’ Meeting on the Safeguarding of Syria’s heritage

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour A. Munawar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Media Reports

Armed conflicts are one of the primary reasons that endanger heritage and the symbolic value of cultures. Both the protection of cultural legacy and the promotion of the plural interests and identities that intersect and construct heritage in times of war should be reinforced with an effi-ient strategy and effective actions. The unprecedented destruction of renowned cultural heritage sites in Syria has not remained unnoticed. The contentious violations that occurred during the hostilities of Syria’s ongoing conflict have drawn the attention of international organisations such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM, and ICOM. Following the constant media reports and aerial photos of heritage destructions in Syria, UNESCO held an experts’ meeting in Berlin to discuss its safeguarding. The meeting was envisioned as a follow-up to the implementation of the UNESCO action plan for the Emergency Safeguarding of Syria’s Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2014). The three-day conference (2 - 4 June 2016) aimed to continue the work of the 2014 Paris conference, supported by the three-year EU-funded project on the Emergency Safeguarding of the Syrian Cultural Heritage.

scholarly journals Towards a Heritage-Led Sustainable Post-Conflict Reconciliation: A Policy-Led Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1686
Author(s):  
Ataa Alsalloum ◽  
Andre Brown
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Conflict Reconciliation

In today’s context, threats to heritage sites posed by armed conflicts are prevalent. This article argues for an urgently needed framework, based on authoritative heritage policy documents, to guide sustainable reconciliation in such circumstances. The methodological approach proposed derives from a content analysis strategy that investigated a selected list of documents. Key extractions are then synthesised to develop useful recommendations for sustainable post-conflict reconciliation in heritage contexts. This conceptual framework also helps to achieve the potential re-nomination of any reconstructed sites which, in turn, provides both additional robust protection of heritage values, and supports sustainable development. This article presents the first part of a broader research study and is intended to communicate the results to a multi-faceted international audience including stakeholders, along with policy and decision makers in the world heritage field. The application of the proposed framework to the world heritage cities of Damascus and Aleppo is the subject of the second part of this research and is presented in a subsequent paper in this special issue of the journal Sustainability.

scholarly journals International legal foundations of responsibility for international crimes against cultural heritage in conditions of armed conflicts

Legal Ukraine ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Bazov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Community ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
The Hague

The article is devoted to the analysis of issues of international legal provision of responsibility for international crimes in the field of protection of cultural values. The main international legal acts and case law in this area are analyzed. Proposals for improving international and domestic legal acts are provided. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of a free human person free from fear and need can only be realized if conditions are created in which everyone can enjoy their economic, social, cultural and political rights. Understanding the systemic nature of these rights implies the creation of appropriate conditions for their implementation at both national and international levels, including in the field of judicial protection. As the realization of economic, social, political and cultural rights is complex, systemic, the issues of preservation and protection of cultural values have recently become especially important, as it applies not only to the state in which they are located, but also to all peoples of the world. Thus, the preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites, especially in armed conflicts, is a matter not only of an individual state, but of the entire international community. As you know, issues of protection of cultural values are constantly in the field of view of the international community. In particular, these issues were reflected in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, especially in the Hague Regulations of 1907. The most important international legal act on the preservation and treatment of cultural heritage sites in armed conflict is the Hague Convention of 14 May 1954 on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Additional Protocols of 1954 and 1999, respectively, which is perceived as a universally recognized universal set of norms in the field of protection of cultural values. Key words: international criminal court, cultural values, cultural heritage, international crimes.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Cultural Heritage in Conflict Zones: Should Palmyra be Rebuilt?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour A. Munawar
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Cultural Property ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Daily News ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Museum Staff

Cultural heritage has fallen under the threat of being of damaged and/or erased due to armed conflicts, and destruction has increasingly become a major part of daily news all over the world. The destruction of cultural heritage has escalated in Syria as the ongoing armed conflict has spread to World Heritage Sites, such as Palmyra and the old city of Aleppo. The devastation of Syria’s war has deliberately and systematically targeted archaeological monuments dating from the prehistoric, Byzantine, Roman, and Islamic periods, with no distinction being made of the cultural, historical, and socio-economic significance of such sites. The violence of this conflict is not, of course, limited to the destruction of cultural property, and has first and foremost served to introduce non-state radical actors, such as Daesh, who targeted local people, archaeological site, museum staff and facilities. The destruction and re-purposing of monuments in Syria, such as Daesh’s attempts to turn churches into mosques, are heavy-handed attempts to re-write history by erasing physical evidence. In this paper, I explore the semantics of continuous attempts to reconstruct cultural heritage sites, destroyed by Daesh, during the ongoing war, and how the destruction and reconstruction of Syria’s heritage have been deployed to serve political agendas.

scholarly journals Immovable Cultural Heritage at Risk: Past – Present – Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-279
Author(s):  
Kurt G. Siehr
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
National State ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
The World ◽  
International Conventions

Abstract:Immovable cultural heritage is still at risk of being neglected by the state responsible for heritage sites, by urban planning of big cities, and by armed conflicts around the world. Normally, because it is immovable, the international community cannot do very much. It can ban the trade of items that became movable property when detached from buildings or illegally excavated in certain protected sites. In other cases, it is the responsibility of the national state to care for cultural heritage and cultural objects. International conventions may furnish help and advice and provide for monitoring any risk to the cultural heritage of state parties.

The Reconstruction Project of Illumination Devices at the Krasnoselskaya Station of the Moscow Metro

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Ksenia I. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Current State ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Lighting Environment ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

The current state of the Moscow Metro station of the first priority that became operational in 1935 does not allow it to be called a cultural heritage site. This is due to the fact that lighting modernisation carried out by the Moscow Metro was based on fluorescent lamps. Such lamps are more energy efficient compared to incandescent lamps, which were used in original lighting devices specified in the Station Lighting Project developed by architects and designers. However, they significantly changed the station appearance, transforming the originally designed station with entire well visible architectural tectonics?1 from the standpoint of lighting into a simple, flat, unremarkable, and little loaded station of the Moscow Metro./br> This paper describes a method of lighting reconstruction at Krasnoselskaya station by means of original lighting devices that meet modern standards and requirements for cultural heritage sites. The historical analysis on the development of the station lighting environment was conducted during its operation in order to understand what kind of station was conceived by its architects, what changes occurred with its lighting over time, and how it influenced the station appearance and safety of passenger transportation.

Food, Museums, and Cultural Heritage Sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-381
Author(s):  
Tanfer Emin Tunc
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Heritage Sites
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