Sex differences in risk factors for retinopathy in non-diabetic men and women: The Tromsø Eye Study

Introduction: The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing in young adults (YA) (age<40 years), and greater understanding of their cardiac risk factors is essential to create effective preventive strategies. Given the sex differences for CAD observed in older adults, understanding if sex differences exist for CAD risk factors in YAs is important. Hypothesis: There will be several risk factors associated with CAD in YAs that will differ between men and women. Methods: In this secondary analysis, 125,017 YAs between the ages of 18-44 were evaluated for health conditions and behaviors considered to be risk factors for CAD. The 2017 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System database from the Center for Disease Control was utilized. Frequency procedures, chi-square testing, and logistic regression modeling with odds ratios were analyzed using (SAS) 9.4 software. Results: Greater percentages of men (65.5%) than women (56.7%) were found to be overweight (BMI 25-30) or obese (BMI =>30) (p<.0001). Men reported higher rates of hypertension with 18.6% as compared to women with hypertension at 11.5% (p<.0001). High cholesterol and heavy alcohol consumption were characteristic of men in this sample with percentages at 17.8% for high cholesterol and 7.5% for heavy alcohol use. YAs between the ages of 40-44 were over 2 times as likely to develop CAD than those aged 18-24, odds ratio (OR) 2.4. YAs between the ages of 25-29 were least likely to develop CAD compared to 18-24 with the lowest OR 1.3. Overall, significant risk factors for developing CAD in this population were HTN (OR 4.1), age 35-44 (OR >2.2), high cholesterol (OR 2.2), smoking (OR 1.9), and prediabetes (OR 1.7). Physical activity (OR 0.6) and healthcare coverage (OR 0.7) were protective factors against CAD. There were 276 young adults in all who were diagnosed with CAD in this analysis. Conclusions: Greater efforts are needed to reduce the number of risk factors in YAs and prevent the development of CAD. There were significant gender differences noted in CAD risk factors within the YA population. Targeted interventions should include counseling as outlined in the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 Campaign in an effort to improve cardiovascular health in young adult men and women.

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Sex Differences of Kidney Stone Urine Risk Factors after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

American Journal of Nephrology ◽

10.1159/000514455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 173-176

Author(s):

Megan Prochaska ◽

John Asplin ◽

Arlene Chapman ◽

Elaine Worcester

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Men And Women ◽

Before And After ◽

Urine Composition ◽

Bariatric Surgical Procedure

Introduction: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a bariatric surgical procedure that is associated with higher risk of kidney stones after surgery. We examined urine composition in 18 men and women before and after RYGB to examine differences in kidney stone risk. Methods: Three 24-h urine collections were performed before and 1 year after RYGB. We analyzed mean urinary values for pre- and post-RYGB collections and compared men and women. Results: Seven men and eleven women completed pre- and post-RYGB urine collections. Pre-RYGB, men had higher calcium oxalate supersaturation (CaOx SS) (7.0 vs. 5.0, p = 0.04) compared with women. Post-RYGB, women had higher urine CaOx SS (13.1 vs. 4.6, p = 0.002), calcium phosphate supersaturation (1.04 vs. 0.59, p = 0.05), and lower urine volumes (1.7 vs. 2.7L, p < 0.001) compared with men. Discussion/Conclusion: There are important differences in urine composition by sex that may contribute to higher kidney stone risk in women after RYGB compared with men.

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Abstract P246: Sex Differences In The Association Between Soluble Prorenin Receptor And Physiological And Cardiometabolic Risk Factors In Healthy Humans Varying In Age And Obesity

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.76.suppl_1.p246 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Gertrude Arthur ◽

Gary L Pierce ◽

Lyndsey E DuBose ◽

Abbi D Lane-cordova ◽

Nick Jensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Obese Women ◽

Men And Women ◽

Prorenin Receptor

The prorenin receptor (PRR), which regulates renin-angiotensin system in multiple tissues, can be cleaved to generate soluble PRR (sPRR) in plasma. sPRR concentrations vary with clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, pregnancy, chronic kidney disease and heart failure in humans. However, whether sPRR is associated with aging and healthy obesity in men and women is unknown. We aimed to evaluate if there are sex-specific associations of sPRR with cardiometabolic risk factors among healthy women and men varying in age and obesity. Circulating cardiometabolic, vascular and inflammatory risk factors and sPRR (via ELISA) were measured in unmedicated healthy men (n=55; age 39 ± 16 yrs; BMI 29 ± 4 kg/m2) and women (n=34; age 44 ± 16 yrs; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m2) at the University of Iowa. Women were classified by menopausal status [pre-menopausal, pre-M (n=18) and post-menopausal, post-M (n=16)]. Independent t -test was used to compare means and pearson correlation was examined. In men, sPRR was not related to age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), BMI, cholesterol or endothelial function (brachial artery flow mediated dilation, FMD), but was correlated with plasma TNFα (r=0.50, P<0.05). sPRR was higher in overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) compared with non-obese men (n=48; 10.8 ± 0.4 vs. n=7; 8.3 ± 0.4 ng/ml, P<0.05). In women, sPRR did not correlate with BMI or SBP, but correlated with total cholesterol (r=0.49, P<0.05) and TNFα (r=0.49, P<0.05). sPRR correlated with age in women with a BMI<30 (r=0.54, P<0.05) but not a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. sPRR was significantly higher in post-M compared with Pre-M women independent of obesity or hypertension status (12.1 ± 0.5 vs. 10.1 ± 0.4 ng/ml, P<0.05). sPRR correlated with FMD only in obese women (%FMD: r=-0.50, P<0.05), indicating a relation of sPRR with endothelial dysfunction in obese women. Interestingly, sPRR was significantly higher in Pre-M compared with non-obese men and menopause further exacerbated the difference. In conclusion, sPRR is associated with TNFα in both men and women, but there are sex differences in the relation with BMI, age, cholesterol and endothelial function in humans. sPRR concentrations were higher in post-M compared with pre-M women, suggesting that PRR could contribute to cardiovascular risk in post-M women.

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Sex differences in risk factors for coronary artery disease and stroke in men and women aged 45–65 years

Heart Asia ◽

10.1136/heartasia-2013-010258 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 229-232

Author(s):

D Hochner-Celnikier ◽

T Chajek-Shaul ◽

O Manor

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Men And Women ◽

Artery Disease

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Abstract 045: Race-Sex Differences in Risk for Incident Acute Coronary Heart Disease in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.a045 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Monika M Safford ◽

Paul Muntner ◽

Christopher Gamboa ◽

Ronald Prineas ◽

Todd Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Black Men ◽

Racial Differences ◽

White Men ◽

Men And Women ◽

Chd Risk ◽

Chd Risk Factors

National death certificate data suggest that racial disparities in acute coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality widened over the past decade for both men and women. To better understand this disparity, we examined black:white race-sex differences in overall, fatal and nonfatal acute CHD incidence in a large national biracial cohort. REGARDS is following 30,239 community-dwellers age ≥;45 years recruited between 2003-7 from 48 states. Recruitment was designed to balance race and sex; the final sample was 55% female and 41% black. Participants are telephoned every 6 months for CVD endpoints, with retrieval of medical records, death certificates, interviews with next-of-kin, and expert adjudication following national consensus recommendations. Acute CHD was defined as definite or probable myocardial infarction (MI) or acute CHD death. Among participants free of CHD at baseline, we examined black:white hazards for incident overall acute CHD, and, separately, fatal and nonfatal acute CHD for men and women through 2008, adjusting incrementally for sampling, sociodemographics and CHD risk factors. The study sample numbered 24,431 with mean age 64.1 (SD±9.3). Over a mean follow-up of 3.4 (maximum 5.9) years, 48.7% (55/113) of black men, 33.0% (38/115) of black women, 23.0% (46/200) of white men and 24.1% (21/87) of white women died at their presentation of acute CHD. Black:white hazard ratios for overall, fatal and nonfatal acute CHD from incrementally adjusted models stratified on sex are presented in the Table. Black men and women had over twice the age-adjusted hazard of incident fatal acute CHD compared to whites, not entirely explained by excess risk factor burden among blacks. Although socio-economic and CHD risk factors among blacks continue to be major contributors to fatal incident acute CHD, known risk factors did not fully explain the disparity between black and white men; causes of the elevated risk among black men need to be better understood if widening CHD mortality disparities are to be reversed.

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Sex differences in cerebrovascular pathologies on FLAIR in cognitively unimpaired elderly

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000004913 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. e466-e473 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Farzan Fatemi ◽

Kejal Kantarci ◽

Jonathan Graff-Radford ◽

Gregory M. Preboske ◽

Stephen D. Weigand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Population Based ◽

Vascular Risk Factors ◽

Vascular Risk ◽

Cognitively Normal ◽

Men And Women ◽

Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽

Total Burden ◽

Midlife Risk Factors

ObjectiveTo examine sex differences in cerebrovascular pathologies (CVPs) as seen on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and in cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a population-based cognitively unimpaired cohort and to examine whether sex is independently associated with FLAIR findings after accounting for differences in important midlife risk factors.MethodsWe identified 1,301 cognitively normal participants (663 men and 638 women) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (age ≥70 years) who had FLAIR MRI and ascertained total burden of white matter (WM) hyperintensities (WMH), subcortical infarctions, and cortical infarctions. We compared CVPs and midlife and late-life vascular risk factors between men and women. We fit regression models with each CVP as an outcome, treating age, sex, and midlife risk factors as predictors.ResultsWomen had significantly greater WMH volume relative to their WM volume compared to men (2.8% vs 2.4% of WM, p < 0.001), while men had a greater frequency of cortical infarctions compared to women (9% vs 4%, p < 0.001). Subcortical infarctions were equally common in men and women (20%). In regression modeling after adjustment for WM volume, the mean WMH volume difference between men and women was of the same magnitude as a 7-year difference in age. In contrast, men had 2.2-greater relative odds of having a cortical infarction compared to women. These sex differences persisted even after adjustment for midlife vascular risk factors.ConclusionsThere were important sex differences in CVP findings on FLAIR in cognitively unimpaired elderly. Understanding these sex differences could aid in the development of sex-specific preventive strategies.

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Sex differences and emerging new risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201118094209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Teresa Padro ◽

Natalia Muñoz-Garcia ◽

Esther Peña ◽

Lina Badimon

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Gene Expression Regulation ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Men And Women ◽

Thrombotic Complications ◽

Traditional Risk Factors ◽

Specific Disorders ◽

Female Specific

: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) stays as the world's leading cause of death and disability in both men and women, but with different prognostic and outcome between sexes. Although the burden of CVD is generally related to the conventional risk factors, the relevance of non-traditional risk factors is increasingly recognized to explain the so-called “residual risk”. Men and women share many similarities regarding classical cardiovascular risk factors, but have different disease pathophysiology, clinical presentations, prevalence and outcome of CVD. How sex-specificities regarding effects of nontraditional risk factors may contribute to the evolution of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations in male and female remain largely under-analyzed. The present review summarizes the current knowledge for sex differences in atherosclerotic plaque composition and clinical evolution in association to risk factors such as inflammation, lipoprotein(a), haemostasis, intraplaque calcification and depression. We further discuss the potential sex-differential impact of chronic infectious diseases, gut microbiome and, epigenetic gene expression regulation for atherosclerosis and the effect of female-specific disorders in CVD.

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Men and Women Have Similar Gout Risk Factors

Internal Medicine News ◽

10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70276-6 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

MITCHEL L. ZOLER

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Men And Women

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Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.23.2.77 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Matthew C. Whited ◽

Kevin T. Larkin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽

Task Type ◽

Conflict Task ◽

Men And Women ◽

Conflicting Evidence ◽

Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

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The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.117 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽

Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Sex Difference ◽

Test Scores ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Stressful Situation ◽

Men And Women ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

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