Threonine and tryptophan supplementation enhance porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) vaccine-induced immune responses of growing pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengyu Xu ◽  
Yingfei Zhao ◽  
Jie Shen ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Zhengfeng Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

scholarly journals Perspectives for improvement of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines in pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominiek Maes ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
Bert Devriendt ◽  
Peter Kuhnert ◽  
Artur Summerfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Carrier Molecule ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Porcine Respiratory ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractMycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the primary agents involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex, economically one of the most important diseases in pigs worldwide. The pathogen adheres to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, causes damage to the mucosal clearance system, modulates the immune system and renders the animal more susceptible to other respiratory infections. The pathogenesis is very complex and not yet fully understood. Cell-mediated and likely also mucosal humoral responses are considered important for protection, although infected animals are not able to rapidly clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Vaccination is frequently practiced worldwide to control M. hyopneumoniae infections and the associated performance losses, animal welfare issues, and treatment costs. Commercial vaccines are mostly bacterins that are administered intramuscularly. However, the commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, they do not prevent infection and have a limited effect on transmission. Therefore, there is a need for novel vaccines that confer a better protection. The present paper gives a short overview of the pathogenesis and immune responses following M. hyopneumoniae infection, outlines the major limitations of the commercial vaccines and reviews the different experimental M. hyopneumoniae vaccines that have been developed and tested in mice and pigs. Most experimental subunit, DNA and vector vaccines are based on the P97 adhesin or other factors that are important for pathogen survival and pathogenesis. Other studies focused on bacterins combined with novel adjuvants. Very few efforts have been directed towards the development of attenuated vaccines, although such vaccines may have great potential. As cell-mediated and likely also humoral mucosal responses are important for protection, new vaccines should aim to target these arms of the immune response. The selection of proper antigens, administration route and type of adjuvant and carrier molecule is essential for success. Also practical aspects, such as cost of the vaccine, ease of production, transport and administration, and possible combination with vaccines against other porcine pathogens, are important. Possible avenues for further research to develop better vaccines and to achieve a more sustainable control of M. hyopneumoniae infections are discussed.

Unravelling some mysteries of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections: new insights from modelling studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
A Doeschl-Wilson ◽  
I Kyriazakis ◽  
L Galina-Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Porcine Respiratory ◽  
Insight Into

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic pig disease in most European countries, causing respiratory distress, fever and growth reductions in growing pigs and increased litter mortality in sows. The disease is characterised by exceptionally long-term viral persistence within the host, a weak innate host immune response and delayed adaptive host immune response, and large between animal variation in the immune response (Murtaugh et al., 2004). Although numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies produced valid insight into the fine details of the virus dynamics and its interaction with the host’s immune response, several fundamental questions concerning the role of diverse immune components and host genetics remain unanswered. In this study mathematical models were developed to investigate the role of diverse processes caused by the virus or the immune response on the infection characteristics.

Integrated adrenal, somatotropic, and immune responses of growing pigs to treatment with lipopolysaccharide.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
K J Wright ◽  
R Balaji ◽  
C M Hill ◽  
S S Dritz ◽  
E L Knoppel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growing Pigs

Effects of long-term heat exposure on cholesterol metabolism and immune responses in growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 103857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Wen ◽  
Weida Wu ◽  
Wei Fang ◽  
Shanlong Tang ◽  
Hairui Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Growing Pigs

scholarly journals Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modifies innate immunity and alters disease outcome in pigs subsequently infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus: implications for respiratory viral co-infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2713-2723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwonil Jung ◽  
Gourapura J. Renukaradhya ◽  
Konstantin P. Alekseev ◽  
Ying Fang ◽  
Yuxin Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

The innate immune response is critical for host defence against respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). This study demonstrated that an ongoing respiratory virus infection compromises innate immune responses and affects the pathogenesis of a respiratory CoV co-infection. An innate immunosuppressive respiratory virus infection was established by infecting weaned pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); 10 days later, the pigs were exposed to porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). The PRRSV/PRCV dual-infected pigs had reduced weight gains, a higher incidence of fever and more severe pneumonia compared with either single infection. Significant suppression of innate immune responses [reduced alpha interferon (IFN-α) levels in the lungs and reduced blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity] by the ongoing PRRSV infection was observed in dual-infected pigs, which coincided with exacerbated pneumonia during early PRCV infection. The subsequent PRCV infection led to enhanced PRRSV replication in the lungs and a trend towards increased serum T-helper type 1 (Th1) (IFN-γ) but decreased Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4] responses, further exacerbating PRRSV pneumonia. Following PRCV infection, more severe PRRSV-related pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) apoptosis occurred, as determined by an in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay, suggesting increased PRRSV replication in PAMs. Collectively, these observations suggest interactive effects between PRCV and PRRSV via early innate (IFN-α) and later adaptive Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) immune responses. These findings imply that an existing immunomodulating respiratory viral co-infection may be a contributing factor to more severe pneumonia in respiratory CoV disease. This study provides new insights into host–pathogen interactions related to co-infection by CoVs and other respiratory viruses.

scholarly journals Unveiling the long non-coding RNA profile of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected porcine alveolar macrophages

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junxin Gao ◽  
Yu Pan ◽  
Yunfei Xu ◽  
Wenli Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Porcine Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Immune Gene

Abstract Background Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is highly associated with inflammatory response and virus-induced interferon production. By far the majority of studies have focused on the immune-related lncRNAs of mice and humans, but the function of lncRNAs in porcine immune cells are poorly understood. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) impairs local immune responses in the lungs of nursery and growing pigs, whereas the virus triggers the inflammatory responses. Porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) is the primary target cell of PRRSV, thus PRRSV is used as an in vitro model of inflammation. Here, we profiled lncRNA and mRNA repertories from PRRSV-infected PAMs to explore the underlying mechanism of porcine lncRNAs in regulating host immune responses. Results In this study, a total of 350 annotated lncRNAs and 1792 novel lncRNAs in PAMs were identified through RNA-seq analysis. Among them 86 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 406 DE protein-coding mRNAs were identified upon PRRSV incubation. GO category and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these DE lncRNAs and mRNAs were mainly involved in inflammation- and pathogen infection-induced pathways. The results of dynamic correlated expression networks between lncRNAs and their predicted target genes uncovered that numerous lncRNAs, such as XLOC-022175, XLOC-019295, and XLOC-017089, were correlated with innate immune genes. Further analysis validated that these three lncRNAs were positively correlated with their predicted target genes including CXCL2, IFI6, and CD163. This study suggests that porcine lncRNAs affect immune responses against PRRSV infection through regulating their target genes in PAMs. Conclusion This study provides both transcriptomic and epigenetic status of porcine macrophages. In response to PRRSV infection, comprehensive DE lncRNAs and mRNAs were profiled from PAMs. Co-expression analysis demonstrated that lncRNAs are emerging as the important modulators of immune gene activities through their critical influence upon PRRSV infection in porcine macrophages.

scholarly journals 94 Dietary soy isoflavone ingestion alters the acute and recovery immune responses in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Maci Oelschlager ◽  
Melissa Hannas ◽  
Muhammad Shameer Abdul Rasheed ◽  
Ryan Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Oral Fluids

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to determine long-term effects of feeding ISF on growth performance and both acute and recovery immune responses following PRRSV infection. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: non-infected pigs received an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n = 24), and infected pigs received either the control diet (PC, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-day adaptation, weanling pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). After inoculation, individual blood samples (n = 8–12/treatment) were routinely collected to monitor viral clearance, hematological parameters, and anti-PRRSV antibody production, and pen-based oral fluids were used to monitor PRRSV clearance at later growth stages. A 2-way ANOVA (including time effect) was performed to compare NC and PC groups (infection status) and PC and ISF groups (ISF effect within infected pigs). In general, PRRSV infection decreased performance during early growth phases, resulting in 5.4% lower final BW for PC vs. NC pigs (P < 0.05). Dietary ISF elicited inconsistent effects on growth performance, reduced (P < 0.05) longitudinal serum viral loads, and increased (P < 0.05) the rate of PRRSV clearance from oral fluids. Dietary ISF also elicited earlier, more robust anti-PRRSV neutralizing antibody production as compared with PC pigs. Additionally, PC pigs experienced ~50% greater infection-related mortality vs. ISF pigs (P < 0.05), which could have significant economic implications for producers. Overall, dietary ISF ingestion supported immune responses and reduced mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs when fed to growing pigs.

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