scholarly journals 94 Dietary soy isoflavone ingestion alters the acute and recovery immune responses in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Maci Oelschlager ◽  
Melissa Hannas ◽  
Muhammad Shameer Abdul Rasheed ◽  
Ryan Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Oral Fluids

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to determine long-term effects of feeding ISF on growth performance and both acute and recovery immune responses following PRRSV infection. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: non-infected pigs received an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n = 24), and infected pigs received either the control diet (PC, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-day adaptation, weanling pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). After inoculation, individual blood samples (n = 8–12/treatment) were routinely collected to monitor viral clearance, hematological parameters, and anti-PRRSV antibody production, and pen-based oral fluids were used to monitor PRRSV clearance at later growth stages. A 2-way ANOVA (including time effect) was performed to compare NC and PC groups (infection status) and PC and ISF groups (ISF effect within infected pigs). In general, PRRSV infection decreased performance during early growth phases, resulting in 5.4% lower final BW for PC vs. NC pigs (P < 0.05). Dietary ISF elicited inconsistent effects on growth performance, reduced (P < 0.05) longitudinal serum viral loads, and increased (P < 0.05) the rate of PRRSV clearance from oral fluids. Dietary ISF also elicited earlier, more robust anti-PRRSV neutralizing antibody production as compared with PC pigs. Additionally, PC pigs experienced ~50% greater infection-related mortality vs. ISF pigs (P < 0.05), which could have significant economic implications for producers. Overall, dietary ISF ingestion supported immune responses and reduced mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs when fed to growing pigs.

scholarly journals Dietary soy isoflavones reduce pathogen-related mortality in growing pigs under porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Maci L Oelschlager ◽  
Muhammed Shameer Abdul Rasheed ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important disease, and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The objective of this experiment was to recreate immunological effects previously observed in young pigs infected with PRRSV receiving ISF and determine how those effects influence growth performance during the entire growth period from weaning to market. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group housed in a biosafety level-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: noninfected pigs received an ISF-devoid control diet (NEG, n = 24), and infected pigs received either the control diet (POS, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-d adaptation, weanling pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1 × 105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). After inoculation, individual blood samples (n = 8 to 12/treatment) were routinely collected to monitor viral clearance and hematological parameters, including serum neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibody production. Pen-based oral fluids were used to monitor PRRSV clearance at later growth stages. A 1- or 2-way ANOVA was performed to compare experimental treatments depending on whether the outcome was repeatedly measured. In general, PRRSV infection decreased performance during early growth phases, resulting in 5.4% lower final BW for POS vs. NEG pigs (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary ISF elicited inconsistent effects on growth performance, increased (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophil cell counts and the relative proportion of memory T-cells, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the time to full PRRSV clearance from oral fluids. Dietary ISF also elicited earlier, more robust anti-PRRSV neutralizing antibody production when compared with POS pigs. Additionally, and most notably, POS pigs experienced ~50% greater infection-related mortality rate vs. ISF pigs (P &lt; 0.05), which may have significant economic implications for producers. Overall, dietary ISF ingestion supported immune responses and reduced mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs when fed to growing pigs though the biological mechanism of these effects remains unclear.

scholarly journals 52 Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics under disease challenge. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the wean-to-finish study: non-infected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n=24), and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (PC, n=36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n=36) (Table 1). Following a 7-day adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (-2 days post-inoculation, DPI), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) time-points and extracted DNA was used for 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated using UniFrac distance matrices (weighted and unweighted) in QIIME. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on transformed data using R. Across all time-points, only minimal differences were observed due to ISF alone. At 10 DPI, PRRSV infection reduced Prevotella 9 genera abundance from approximately 20% to less than 10%, but the specific function of this variety in pigs is unclear. The most notable finding was decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between non-infected and infected treatments (P &lt; 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that differences present were mainly due to PRRSV infection and not strongly influenced by ISF ingestion, which implies previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to changes in microbiome composition.

Effects of Quillaja saponin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Xin Dang ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Quillaja Saponin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Quillaja saponin (QS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 50 crossbred growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight of 23.83 ± 1.95 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments for a 56-day trial with 5 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs (2 barrows and 3 gilts) per pen. Dietary treatments including control diet and control diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg QS. The average daily gain was significantly increased during days 0-56, while the fecal ammonia emission on day 56 and fecal coliform bacteria counts on day 28 were significantly decreased in pigs fed with QS containing diet. However, dietary supplementation of QS had no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg QS had beneficial effects on growth performance, fecal microbiota, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Considering the carry-over effects, the adaption period should be at least 28 days when supplementing 200 mg/kg QS to the diet of growing pigs for improving the growth performance.

scholarly journals Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important disease, and the ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics at different timepoints across a disease challenge and determine whether any changes, if present, elude to potential biological mechanisms for previously observed performance benefits. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a Biosafety Level-2 containment facility and allotted to one of three experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: noninfected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NEG, n = 24) and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (POS, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-d adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (phosphate-buffered saline) or live PRRSV (1 × 105 median tissue culture infectious dose[TCID]50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (−2 d post-inoculation [DPI]), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) timepoints. Extracted DNA was used to quantify fecal microbiota profiles via 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated with principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance using UniFrac distance matrices based on both unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances using QIIME 2. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on square root transformations using R. Across all timepoints, only a few differences were observed due to ISF alone mainly in lowly abundant genera. The most notable differences observed were decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between noninfected and infected treatments (P &lt; 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that the differences present were mainly due to PRRSV-infection alone and not strongly influenced by diet, which implies that previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to the changes in microbiome composition.

scholarly journals Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing and finishing pigs fed multienzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 602-615
Author(s):  
Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽  
Cristian Sánchez ◽  
Jimena Ibagon ◽  
Maamer Jlali ◽  
Pierre Cozannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Diet Type

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn–soybean meal-based diets with a multienzyme on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (body weight [BW] = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multienzyme. The multienzyme used supplied at least 1,800, 1,244, 6,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC diet was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The PC diet had greater net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (AA) content than NC1 diet by 3%, and than NC2 diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW: Phase 1: 34–50 kg; Phase 2: 50–75 kg; Phase 3: 75–100 kg; and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) bone ash content and ATTD of P than those fed NC1 diet. The ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for NC2 diet, and tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) than that for NC1 diet. Multienzyme interacted (P &lt; 0.05) with negative control diet type on overall ADG and AID of GE such that multienzyme did not affect overall ADG and AID of GE for the NC1 diet, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG and AID of GE for NC2 diet by 5.09 and 8.74%, respectively. Multienzyme did not interact with negative control diet type on overall G:F, bone ash content, AID of AA, and ATTD of nutrients. Multienzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall G:F, AID of methionine, ATTD of GE and P, and tended to increase (P = 0.056) bone ash content. The ADG, bone ash content, and ATTD of GE and P for the multienzyme-supplemented diets were similar to (P &gt; 0.10) PC diet. Thus, NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤5% in multienzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance and bone ash of pigs.

scholarly journals 165 Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on growth performance and blood metabolites of growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Gwendolyn M Jones ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON), derived from contaminated corn, on growth performance and blood metabolites. A total of 32 growing pigs (initial BW 73.1 ± 1.2 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly allotted in individual pens to 1 of 2 treatments: a non-contaminated control diet (CTL) and a diet containing 1.8 mg DON/kg (CTL+DON). Upon analysis, CTL+DON also contained 1.9 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0 mg total fumonisins/kg. On d 1, blood samples were obtained at 60, 120 and 240 min following resumed access to feed. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed thereafter and for 28 d in total. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with initial BW, sex and treatment as fixed effects, and blood parameters the repeated measures. Compared with CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had decreased final BW (102.9 vs 87.5 kg; P < 0.001), ADG (1.06 vs 0.51 kg; P < 0.001) and ADFI (2.97 vs 1.54 kg; P < 0.001). Mycotoxins did not affect G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P = 0.234 for CTL and CTL+DON, respectively). Compared to CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had increased levels of blood cholecystokinin, a hormone involved in satiety and digestion (32.1 vs 43.3 pg/mL; P = 0.048), increased ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates appetite and promotes fat deposition (345 vs 654 pg/mL; P = 0.011), a tendency for decreased blood urea nitrogen (19.6 vs 17.1 mg/dL; P = 0.076), and increased creatine kinase (2,826 vs 4,920 IU/L; P = 0.027). No treatment differences were observed for circulating creatinine, glucose, albumin, or alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, mycotoxin contamination substantially impaired feed intake and growth. Pigs offered mycotoxin-contaminated feed had altered blood parameters related to appetite regulation and nutrient metabolism. However, it was not possible to determine if these differences were due to the mycotoxin contamination or to reduced feed intake.

scholarly journals Extract of grape seed enhances the growth performance, humoral and mucosal immunity, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohre Mehrinakhi ◽  
Ehsan Ahmadifar ◽  
Najmeh Sheikhzadeh ◽  
Mohsen Shahriari Moghadam ◽  
Mahmoud A.O. Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were distributed in four groups and fed diets with varying levels of GSE at 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg for 56 days. The final length in fish fed with 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The final weight and weight gain of fish fed with GSE were statistically higher than the control diet, while the feed conversion ratio was lower in GSE groups than the control. Hematological parameters did not statistically enhance with GSE supplemented diets (P>0.05). However, fish fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet displayed a higher WBC count significantly than the other group (P<0.05). The serum total protein and globulin in fish fed with 20 g GSE/kg diet significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). A similar pattern was noticed in results for serum and mucus lysozyme activity with a significant increase in fish fed with 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet compared to the control (P<0.05). Total antibody levels in serum and mucus samples were also increased in fish by dietary GSE with maximum levels by 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet. Besides, mucus protease activity was higher in fish received 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet with maximum level shown in fish fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet compared to the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, all groups showed higher mucus antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila with the highest activity in 30 g GSE/kg diet in comparison with the control group. The cumulative mortality was 36.67% when fish fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet and challenged with A. hydrophila. However, the mortality rate was 40% and 53.33% in fish fed 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet, respectively. This study suggests that supplementation of GSE could significantly enhance the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in common carp.

scholarly journals Effects of Purified Jatropha curcas Seed Oil-Based Diet on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Albino Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Maiyaki-Musa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Diet

The effect of inclusion of Jatropha curcas seed oil, as a source of oil in the feed of animal, on growth performance, hematological parameters and histology was investigated. Feed intake, average body weight gain and mortality were also monitored. Milled Jatropha curcas seeds were subjected to oil extraction using batch method. Hematological parameters were determined using standard operating procedures. Twenty weanling albino rats with mean weights ranging from 41.57± 7.90 g, were divided into two groups. The first group was placed on soybean oil-based (control) diet (4% oil) while the second group was placed on Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet (4% oil), for four weeks. There was a significant higher difference (P<0.05) in the growth performance of rats fed the control diet when compared with the test group. The animals placed on the control diet showed significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight when compared with the test diet during the last week of experimentation and this might be due to the low digestibility of the Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet. The result also shows a higher percentage mortality in the group fed the test diet when compared with those fed the control diet. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in both the control and test diets respectively but a significantly higher difference in neutrophils of those fed the control diet when compared with those fed test diet. This may signify that continuous ingestion of Jatropha curcas seed oil may reduce the body’s immunity against infections. The histological assessment of liver, kidney, heart and small intestine revealed no visible lesion. Overall, the result showed that Jatropha curcas seed oil has the potential of been a source of oil in animal diet if complete detoxification can be achieved.

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