scholarly journals The standard interpretation of Schopenhauer's compensation argument for pessimism: A nonstandard variant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bather Woods
Keyword(s):  
Standard Interpretation

Technical or political? The socialist economic calculation debate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Camarinha Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract The paper presents both the key arguments and the historical context of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that Oskar Lange presented the most developed strategy to deal with bourgeois economics, decisively helping to create the scientific consensus that rational economic calculation under socialism is possible. Lange’s arguments based on standard economic theory reveal that the most ardent defenders of capitalism cannot reject socialism on technical terms and that, as a consequence, the Austrian School was left with no choice but to diverge from mainstream economics in its search to develop a framework that could support its political position. This shows that Mises’ challenge from 1920 was solved and has been replaced by a political posture developed by Hayek and leading Austrians economists, who have been struggling since the 1980s to revise the standard interpretation of the socialist economic calculation debate. I argue that this revision should not be uncritically accepted and conclude that socialism cannot be scientifically rejected; it can only be politically rejected, by those whose economic interests it opposes.

scholarly journals Dynamic game semantics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-60
Author(s):  
Norihiro Yamada ◽  
Samson Abramsky
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Functional Programming ◽  
Operational Semantics ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Functional Programming Languages ◽  
Game Semantics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cartesian Closed Categories ◽  
Cartesian Closed

Abstract The present work achieves a mathematical, in particular syntax-independent, formulation of dynamics and intensionality of computation in terms of games and strategies. Specifically, we give game semantics of a higher-order programming language that distinguishes programmes with the same value yet different algorithms (or intensionality) and the hiding operation on strategies that precisely corresponds to the (small-step) operational semantics (or dynamics) of the language. Categorically, our games and strategies give rise to a cartesian closed bicategory, and our game semantics forms an instance of a bicategorical generalisation of the standard interpretation of functional programming languages in cartesian closed categories. This work is intended to be a step towards a mathematical foundation of intensional and dynamic aspects of logic and computation; it should be applicable to a wide range of logics and computations.

scholarly journals Fuzzification - Decision Making in Terms of Uncertainty

ECONOMICS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Željko V. Račić
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Subjective Estimation ◽  
Qualitative Attribute ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

Summary The theory of fuzzy sets allows to analyze insufficiently precise, accurate, complete phenomena which can not be modeled by the theory of probability or interval mathematics. We define fuzzy sets as sets where the boundary of the set is unclear and depends on subjective estimation or individual preference. In addition to the standard interpretation scale, described above, a set of numbers to each qualitative attribute must be assigned. In addition to the standard interpretation scale a set of numbers to each qualitative attribute must be assigned. First of all, it is necessary to determine the procedure for determining fuzzy numbers describing the attributes. One of the imperfections of the fuzzy sets is subjectivism when defining the boundaries of fuzzy sets and functions of belonging, which can significantly influence the final decision. The decision maker’s subjectivity is also present in the determination of weighted coefficients. However, in case of giving weight, fixed values are necessary. Some decisions require multidisciplinary knowledge, so the decision-making process includes more group decision-makers, who independently give their grades.

scholarly journals Frege’s Bedeutung

Problemos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Jonas Dagys
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Standard Interpretation

The article raises the question what is the content of Frege’s infamous notion of Bedeutung? It is claimed that the so–called standard interpretation of this notion – Bedeutung as referential relation between a name and an object – was developed and established evaluating Frege’s ideas in philosophy of language in isolation from his logicist ideas. However, precisely his logicist concerns have motivated Frege’s interest in semantic issues. A broader consideration of Frege’s works reveals an internalist and rationalist notion of meaning, that is based on the context principle, and that should not be reduced to mere reference. The question of the meaning of subsentential components, for Frege, is closely related to the question of the meaning of the whole sentence, that is, the meaning of sub–sentential components should be construed as secondary with regard to the meaning of the whole sentence.

scholarly journals Kant on Existential Import

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Vanzo
Keyword(s):  
Formal Logic ◽  
Square Of Opposition ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Quantification Theory ◽  
Traditional Logic ◽  
Existential Import ◽  
Modern Standard

AbstractThis article reconstructs Kant's view on the existential import of categorical sentences. Kant is widely taken to have held that affirmative sentences (theAandIsentences of the traditional square of opposition) have existential import, whereas negative sentences (EandO) lack existential import. The article challenges this standard interpretation. It is argued that Kant ascribes existential import only to some affirmative synthetic sentences. However, the reasons for this do not fall within the remit of Kant's formal logic. Unlike traditional logic and modern standard quantification theory, Kant's formal logic is free from existential commitments.

Berkeley v. Locke on Primary Qualities

Philosophy ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 55 (212) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Stroud
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Secondary Qualities ◽  
Primary Qualities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Made In

Locke was once supposed to have argued that since the colours, sounds, odours, and other ‘secondary’ qualities things appear to have can vary greatly according to the state and position of the observer, it follows that our ideas of the ‘secondary’ qualities of things do not ‘resemble’ anything existing in the objects themselves. And Berkeley has been credited with the obvious objection that similar facts about the ‘relativity’ of our perception of ‘primary’ qualities show that they do not ‘resemble’ anything existing in the objects either, so that both ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ qualities exist only ‘in the mind’. The falsity of this view of Locke has been amply demonstrated in recent years, but no corresponding revision has been made in what remains the standard interpretation of Berkeley's criticisms of Locke. His objections therefore appear to be based on misunderstanding and to be irrelevant to what is now seen to be Locke's actual view and his reasons for holding it. I think this account of Berkeley, like the old view of Locke, is a purely fictional chapter in the history of philosophy, and in this paper I try to show that Berkeley's criticisms involve no misunderstanding and amount to a direct denial of the view Locke actually held.

Kierkegaard, Schelling, and Hegel: How to Read the Spheres of Existence as Appropriate Knowledge

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Christopher Latiolais
Keyword(s):  
Standard Interpretation

The central purposes of this article are twofold: (1) to give a brief sketch of contemporary scholarship on Kierkegaard’s relation to Schelling and Hegel, clarifying, by discussing the famous Kantian and Kierkegaardian paradoxes, how the spheres of existence—aesthetic, ethical, and immanent religious—represent failed ways of appropriating or “knowing” oneself, and (2) to clarify Johann Climacus’s distinction between “approximate” and “appropriate” knowledge by challenging Nathan Carson’s interpretation as presented in this issue. The upshot is that the standard interpretation of the Kierkegaard/ Hegel relation must be renegotiated in terms of the Kantian and the Kierkegaardian paradoxes regarding the source of normativity.

Kinetic Theory of Value I

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-147
Author(s):  
Thomas Nail
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
B Value ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Theory Of Value

This chapter inverts the standard interpretation of “value in motion” so that value itself is woven from a continual pattern of action and is not some discrete thing that merely moves from point A to point B. Value needs to “stand with its feet on the ground” again by making movement genuinely primary to its being (C, 163). Marx’s theory of value is a fundamentally kinetic theory of value in which matter-in-motion forms the being of value. Value is not just a function of social, political, technical, and human relations. Matter-in-motion is primary to and constitutive of the being of value itself.

The Standard Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-65
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Mathematical Formalism ◽  
Standard Formulation ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
Standard Interpretation ◽  
Linear Dynamics ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
History Of

The standard von Neumann-Dirac formulation of quantum mechanics is presented as a set of five basic rules. We discuss each rule is discussed in turn paying particular attention to the conceptual history of the theory. Of central importance is the standard interpretation of states (the eigenvalue-eigenstate link) and the dynamical laws of the theory (the random collapse dynamics and the deterministic linear dynamics) and how the interpretation and dynamics work together to predict and explain the results of basic quantum experiments. While the focus is on the behavior of electrons, we also briefly consider how the theory uses the same mathematical formalism to treat other phenomena like the behavior of neutral K mesons and qbits in a quantum computer.

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