The use of pneumatic impact lithotripsy and a retrieval pouch to create a closed system for removal of cystic calculi in standing male horses

The earlier proposed general approach for description of the non-ideal mixer is coupled with corresponding boundary conditions for the closed system. Some simplifications in this procedure result in relations which are in agreement with experimental data.

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Normative Propositions and the Ideal of an Integrated and Closed System

Philosophy of Science ◽

10.1086/287138 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 124-131

Author(s):

W. H. Werkmeister

Keyword(s):

Closed System ◽

The Ideal

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Validation of chemotherapy drug vapor containment of an air cleaning closed-system drug transfer device

Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/10781552211030682 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107815522110306

Author(s):

Galit Levin ◽

Paul JM Sessink

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Closed System ◽

Membrane Filter ◽

Drug Transfer ◽

Glass Vessel ◽

Air Cleaning ◽

No Release ◽

Activated Carbon Filter ◽

Carbon Filter ◽

Transfer Device

Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of ChemfortTM, an air filtration closed-system drug transfer device to prevent release of chemotherapy drug vapors and aerosols under extreme conditions. The air cleaning system is based on the adsorption of drug vapors by an activated carbon filter in the Vial Adaptor before the air is released out of the drug vial. The functionality of the carbon filter was also tested at the end of device’s shelf life, and after a contact period with drug vapors for 7 days. Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil were the chemotherapy drugs tested. Methods The Vial Adaptor was attached to a drug vial and both were placed in a glass vessel. A needle was punctured through the vessel stopper and the Vial Adaptor septum to allow nitrogen gas to flow into the vial and to exit the vial via the air filter into the glass vessel which was connected to a cold trap. Potential contaminated surfaces in the trap system were wiped or rinsed to collect the escaped drug. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil were detected on most surfaces inside the trap system for all Vial Adaptors without an activated carbon filter. Contamination did not differ between the Vial Adaptors with and without membrane filter indicating no effect of the membrane filter. The results show no release of either drug for the Vial Adaptors with an activated carbon filter even after 3 years of simulated aging and 7 days of exposure to drug vapors. Conclusions Validation of air cleaning CSTDs is important to secure vapor and aerosol containment of chemotherapy and other hazardous drugs. The presented test method has proven to be appropriate for the validation of ChemfortTM Vial Adaptors. No release of cyclophosphamide and 5- fluorouracil was found even for Vial Adaptors after 3 years of simulated aging and 7 days of exposure to drug vapors.

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A Redox-Neutral, Two-Enzyme Cascade for the Production of Malate and Gluconate from Pyruvate and Glucose

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11114877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 4877

Author(s):

Ravneet Mandair ◽

Pinar Karagoz ◽

Roslyn M. Bill

Keyword(s):

Malate Dehydrogenase ◽

Closed System ◽

Glucose Dehydrogenase ◽

Sulfolobus Solfataricus ◽

Cofactor Regeneration ◽

Triple Mutant ◽

Thermococcus Kodakarensis ◽

Platform Chemicals ◽

Enzyme Cascade

A triple mutant of NADP(H)-dependent malate dehydrogenase from thermotolerant Thermococcus kodakarensis has an altered cofactor preference for NAD+, as well as improved malate production compared to wildtype malate dehydrogenase. By combining mutant malate dehydrogenase with glucose dehydrogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus and NAD+/NADH in a closed reaction environment, gluconate and malate could be produced from pyruvate and glucose. After 3 h, the yield of malate was 15.96 mM. These data demonstrate the feasibility of a closed system capable of cofactor regeneration in the production of platform chemicals.

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Rolls of the internal gravity waves in the Earth's atmosphere

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-32-181-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 181-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

O. Onishchenko ◽

O. Pokhotelov ◽

W. Horton ◽

A. Smolyakov ◽

T. Kaladze ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Dynamics ◽

Gravity Waves ◽

Closed System ◽

Wind Shear ◽

Internal Gravity Waves ◽

Temperature Gradients ◽

System Of Equations ◽

Vertical Temperature ◽

Earth’S Atmosphere ◽

Earth's Atmosphere

Abstract. The effect of the wind shear on the roll structures of nonlinear internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the Earth's atmosphere with the finite vertical temperature gradients is investigated. A closed system of equations is derived for the nonlinear dynamics of the IGWs in the presence of temperature gradients and sheared wind. The solution in the form of rolls has been obtained. The new condition for the existence of such structures was found by taking into account the roll spatial scale, the horizontal speed and wind shear parameters. We have shown that the roll structures can exist in a dynamically unstable atmosphere.

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METHOD FOR UPGRADING A COMPONENT WITHIN REFURBISHMENT

Proceedings of the Design Society ◽

10.1017/pds.2021.467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 2057-2066

Author(s):

Nicola Viktoria Ganter ◽

Behrend Bode ◽

Paul Christoph Gembarski ◽

Roland Lachmayer

Keyword(s):

Closed System ◽

Individual Component ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Product Architecture ◽

Additive Processes ◽

Modular Product ◽

General Method

AbstractOne of the arguments against an increased use of repair is that, due to the constantly growing progress, an often already outdated component would be restored. However, refurbishment also allows a component to be modified in order to upgrade it to the state of the art or to adapt it to changed requirements. Many existing approaches regarding Design for Upgradeability are based on a modular product architecture. In these approaches, however, only the upgradeability of a product is considered through the exchange of components. Nevertheless, the exchange and improvement of individual component regions within a refurbishment has already been successfully carried out using additive processes. In this paper, a general method is presented to support the reengineering process, which is necessary to refurbish and upgrade a damaged component. In order to identify which areas can be replaced in the closed system of a component, the systematics of the modular product architecture are used. This allows dependencies between functions and component regions to be identified. Thus, it possible to determine which functions can be integrated into the intended component.

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