Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik Banten secara Koagulasi Menggunakan Tawas dan Adsorpsi dengan Memanfaatkan Zeolit Alam Bayah

The batik industry produces liquid waste from the coloring, washing and rinsing processes. This study was aimed to analyze the quality of Banten batik effluent before and after treatment. The processing is carried out using an experimental method with a batch system by coagulation using alum and adsorption using Bayah's natural zeolite by performing 3 variations of coagulant mass and adsorbent for the dye test parameters, TDS and TSS. The results of the test before treatment were the results for dyes of 344 TCU, TDS 620 mg/L, and TSS 218.5 mg/L. Based on the coagulation treatment using alum, the most efficient coagulant results were obtained to reduce the levels of dyestuffs and TDS, namely by using alum coagulant as much as 1500 mg/L which resulted in 96.6 TCU and 330.0 mg/L respectively, then to reduce TSS levels obtained an efficient coagulant that is 500 mg/L with a yield of 10 mg/L. The adsorption treatment using Bayah natural zeolite can reduce the levels of TDS and TSS with the most efficient results using an adsorbent of 150 g/L obtained for TDS 189.3 mg/L and TSS 13.3 mg/L. So based on the results of processing using coagulation and adsorption methods, it is hoped that the batik industry can apply it in processing the liquid waste produced.

Adsorption of Iron (Fe) Heavy Metal in Acid Mine Drainage from Coal Mining

Adsorption is one of effective method to overcome acid mine drainage issue because of its economy and abundant availability of adsorbents. The research aimed to analyze the adsorption effectiveness and capacity of composite as the iron adsorbent in acid mine drainage. Composite consists of claystone from coal overburden, zeolite, and activated carbon from coconut shell. This study used experimental approaches in laboratory. Types of mineral contained in adsorbent materials (claystone, zeolite, and activated carbon) were: kaolinite, mordenite, and cristobalite. Composites were constructed with the following ratios: 50:25:25, 25:25:50, and 25:50:25 (Claystone[C] : Zeolite[Z] : Activated carbon[A]). The composite with a ratio of 25:25:50 had the greatest surface area of 62.44 m2/g, according to the results of the surface area analyzer test. Adsorption was performed in a batch system with a hot plate stirrer and composite mass of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 grams, for contact time variations of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. The adsorption test revealed that the composite was successful in increasing the pH of acid mine drainage to neutral (7.0) and lowering the Fe concentration to meet the quality standard. The best effectiveness of iron lowering was 99,35% with composite mass of 5 grams. However, the 2.5 grams composite mass is more efficient in terms of efficiency because it can lower the Fe concentration to 0.1484 mg/l with only 30 minutes contact time, ensuring that the Fe concentration fulfills the quality standard. The composite with a mass of 2.5 grams has the best adsorption capacity (1,286 mg/g).

Acid Black 194 Dye Clarifications Onto Natural And Acid/Base Activated Smectitic Clays

The present work is concerned the Acid Black 194 dye adsorption by Two smectitic clays (BJ and AJ) aged upper Eocene were sampled from Atlas Central of Tunisia in Kairouan region. Technical characterization was carried out using calcimetry and X-ray diffraction. The activation studies of clays by HCl/ Na2CO3 have been conducted to improve their physicochemical properties. The optimum result of the surface area after acid activation (aa) was 398 m2/g for BJ aa and AJ aa, after basic activation (ab) the surface area was 460 m2 /g for BJ ab and 440 m2/g for AJ ab. The characterization by XRD, chemical analysis and SEM observations, were performed before and after optimum activation.Moreover, the raw and activated samples (aa/ab) under the optimum activation conditions were used in the effluent treatment. Adsorption tests were made by batch system at 25 °C in different pH (2-12) and by varying the adsorbent amount (0.025-0.1 g). The best adsorption results were recorded with pH = 11 and amount adsorbent 0.025 g. The raw clay adsorption capacity was slightly better than activated samples. The best yield was given by BJ (94%). Therefore, clay can be used in various applications without any characteristic modification.

Production and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofiber Slurries and Sheets for Biomedical Applications

Cellulose nanomaterials are produced employing a multitude of methodologies including electrospinning, bacterial generation, acid digestion, and a variety of mechanical defibrillation techniques; the morphology of the nanomaterial produced is specific to the production process. Feedstocks range from various forms of woody biomass, to fungi, and have a great impact on the resulting product. The mechanical defibrillation technique, such as that employed in the present work, continuously breaks down cellulose fibers suspended in water via segmentation and defibrillation through grinding and refining. The process is typically operated until a desired level of fines is achieved in the resultant slurry of cellulose nanofiber (CNF), alternatively known as cellulose nanofibril. Mechanical defibrillation processes can be built to produce several liters in a small batch system or up to tons per day in a continuous pilot scale refiner system. In the present work a continuous system was developed with the capacity to produce 14 L of cellulose nanofiber slurry with consistent specifications and in a manner compliant with GMP/GLP protocols in order to be amenable to biomedical applications. The system was constructed within an ISO class 7 cleanroom and refining was performed on bleached softwood pulp suspension in purified water. This manuscript details the continuous grinding system, the processes employed to produce cellulose nanofiber, and characterizes the resultant cellulose nanofiber slurry and sheets formed from the slurry.

Surface Functionalized Halloysite with N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)Propyl] Ethylenediamine for Chromium and Nickel Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

In this study, -[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ethylenediamine - modified Indonesian natural halloysite was applied for Cr(III) and Ni(II) adsorption from aqueous solution. The studies include the physicochemical characterization of the synthesized material by using XRD, SEM, gas sorption analyzer, and FTIR analyses. Furthermore, the adsorption experiments were performed at a batch system for investigating the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic. The results showed no significant changes in either the material crystallinity or specific surface area, but the changes of surface functional groups identified the anchored ammine modifier. Kinetic modeling showed pseudo-second-order model best fitted the experimental data for both adsorbents. Moreover, the thermodynamic studies represented the chemisorption interaction of modified halloysite with the adsorbate since the average adsorption enthalpy values are at 44.3 kJ/mol and 41.70 kJ/mol for Cr(III) and Ni(II), respectively.

Producing biogas from cow manure, chicken manure, and organic waste by batch system

Cow manure, chicken manure, and organic waste are solid wastes that can be used as an energy source through a biogas digester. This study aims to determine the production of biogas from waste in a batch digester system. This research uses a digester in the form of a plastic drum with a capacity of 220 liters. 3 treatments were consisting of digester 1 containing cow manure and water (50:50), digester 2 in the form of a mixture of cow manure, chicken manure, and water (30:20:50), digester 3 containing cow manure, organic waste, and water (30:20:50). The digester is then closed tightly for 130 days. The results showed that the daily temperature ranged between 26°−31°C and the acidity (pH) 7-7.62. The biogas production of each digester was then carried out a flame test with a biogas stove. The results of the gas stove flame test show that digester 2 has a longer total flame period of 4302 seconds, then digester 1 has a total flame period of 4034 seconds and lastly, digester 3 has a total flame period of 2370 seconds.

A Kinetic model for submerged citric acid production by Aspergillus versicolor using oil palm empty fruit bunch

The fermentation kinetics of citric acid by Aspergillus versicolor was studied in a submerged batch system. The logistic equation for growth, the Luedeking–Piret equation for citric acid production and modified Luedeking–Piret-like equation for glucose consumption was proposed for this study. The model appeared to provide a reasonable description for each parameter during the growth phase. The production of citric acid was growth-associated.

Batch and Packed Bed Column Study for the Removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) Using Agro-Industrial Wastes

The objective of this study was to prepare bio adsorbents from agro-industrial wastes from yam starch (YSR) and plantain (PSR) production for its use in the removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) in aqueous solution in batch and continuous packed-bed column systems. Bromatological analysis showed that the biomaterials are rich in cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and SEM micrographs that evidence a mesoporous structure characteristic of materials of lignocellulosic origin. FTIR evidenced functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methyl, possibly involved in the uptake of metal ions. EDS and FTIR analysis after adsorption confirmed that the retention of the metals on the surface of the adsorbent materials was successful. Cr (VI) and Ni (II) removal efficiencies above 80% were achieved using YSR and PSR in batch systems at the different conditions evaluated. The optimum conditions for removing Ni (II) on PSR were a bed height of 11.4 cm and a temperature of 33 °C, while for YSR, they were: 43 °C and 9 cm for temperature and bed height respectively. The variable with the most significant influence on the removal of Cr (VI) in a batch system on the two bio adsorbents was temperature. In contrast, the adsorbent dose and temperature are relevant factors for PSR Ni (II) removal. Therefore, the residues from the preparation of yam and plantain starch have high potential for removing heavy metals from wastewater and are presented as an alternative for their final disposal.

USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AS BIOADSORBENT ACTIVATOR OF KETAPANG LEAVES (Terminalia sp.) TO REDUCE RHODAMINE B CONTAMINANTS

Ketapang contains tannin and phenolic compounds which are known to absorb metals and pollutants in the air. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the biadsorbent from ketapang leaves (Terminalia sp.) on the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye without activation and with activation by 10% phosphoric acid. The study began with testing the variation of mass, time, and concentration of Rhodamine B by ketapang leaves. Then the adsorption process was carried out using a batch system and the concentration of the filtrate was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Followed by the isotherm analysis of Freundlich and Langmuir. The results showed that the bioadsorbent ability of ketapang leaves without activation or with activation by 10% H3PO4 in terms of mass variation, contact time, and Rhodamine B concentration were 300 mg, contact time was 90 & 120 minutes, and Rhodamine B concentration was 10 mg/l. - 30 mg/l. The maximum bioadsorbent capacity of ketapang leaves (Qm) without activation was 3.7037 mg/g, while that of ketapang leaves with phosphoric acid activation was 1.0673 mg/g. The adsorption model used by the ketapang leaf bioadsorbent is the Freundlich isotherm where the R2 value close to 1 is 0.9573.