Inheriting Your Mother's Eyes, Hair, and Drug Addiction: Protecting The Drug-Exposed Newborn By Criminalizing Pregnant Drug USE

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexana Gaspari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction

scholarly journals Understanding Substance Abuse and its Correlation with Social Changes in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Peter Rai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernisation and globalisation which has given the free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and communities in the society, which has become a new way of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have also undergone social change. Even the trend of taking drugs has changed with change in society. Traditionally used drugs have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has, directly and indirectly, encouraged the use and abuse of drugs due to easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously related crimes in society. </p><p>Drug abuse is global phenomena. A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, which is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of the mind and body or both. Globally, according to UNODC estimate, in 2009, between 149 and 272 million people, or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64, had used illicit substance once in the previous year. Cannabis and ATS (Amphetamine-type stimulants) are two important drugs which are commonly used worldwide. Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug of abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea and the Philippines, and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank (UNODC, 2004). Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and also causes health problems with incurable diseases. The European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) defines the problem of drug use as, “injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines”. World Health Organisation (WHO), defines drug addiction as a ‘disease,’ and the American Psychiatric Association, define drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves, without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side-effects that are caused.'</p>

The Legislative Response to Alcoholism and Drug Addiction in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-107
Author(s):  
J. Larry Goff
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Americans With Disabilities Act ◽  
Rehabilitation Act Of 1973 ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Reasonable Accommodations

The Americans With Disabilities Act was enacted in 1990 and became law on July 26, 1992. It represents the latest Congressional effort to provide protection against discrimination in the workplace to people with disabilities, giving them more access to employment opportunities for which they are qualified and which they can perform and imposing requirements on employers to help facilitate this through reasonable accommodations. The act also amended the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, extending the coverage of that earlier legislation to include more employers as covered entities as well as clarifying selected sections. For those who use or are addicted to alcohol or drugs, treatment under both acts has been uneven. The 1973 legislation was silent about these individuals except for an exclusionary provision dealing with current use vis-à-vis job performance and threats to the safety of other people and property. The Americans With Disabilities Act is more comprehensive in its approach both to individuals who use alcohol and drugs and to those who use them addictively. It has, however, still left some open questions and created some new concerns. The purpose of this article is to review the highlights of the Americans With Disabilities Act as it relates to alcohol and drug use and to explore some of the unresolved issues.

An Analysis of the Criminogenic Effects of Terminating the Supplemental Security Income Impairment Category for Drug Addiction and Alcoholism

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 391-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Swartz ◽  
Zoran Martinovich ◽  
Paul Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Supplemental Security Income ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Reported Crime

This study examined the criminogenic effects of terminating the Supplemental Security Income program for drug addiction and alcoholism. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze self-reported crime, economic, and drug-use data collected as part of a two-year multisite study with five interview waves from 1,640 former DA&As. The primary independent variables examined included subjects’ replacement of lost SSI benefits legally or through re qualification under another disability category and their weekly use of heroin and/or cocaine. The study found that failure to replace lost cash benefits resulted in a moderate increase in crime, particularly drug and property crime, that peaked two years after loss of benefits. Heroin and cocaine use were also related to criminality, though the magnitude of this effect was greatest at six months after loss of benefits. The study also found a relationship between drug use and loss of benefits, suggesting that the federal legislation has created a crime-prone residual population of drug users with limited treatment access.

The Psychopathology of Drug Addiction: A Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Cancrini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Type D ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Hiv Infection Prevention ◽  
Type C

The psychopathology of drug addiction is reviewed. Empirical research data on a time span of more than twelve years are presented. The data support a four-type-based classification of drug abusers, and the family structure underlining such personality types is analyzed. Clinical cases are presented. Type A addicts (adjustment disorders) present an evident relation between the external event, psychic trauma, and drug-abusing behavior. Type B (neurotic disorders) have a tendency to reduce internal anxiety by drug abuse, and their personal problems may be covered by drug use. Type C (psychosis and borderline) are an heterogeneous group, where often drug use can create a intense experience of inner freedom. Type D (sociopathic personality disorders) often express their psychic conflicts by means of serious acting-out, and come from families were “nonexistent” marriages were established. Intervention in public health services is examined, as well as the evolution of the addiction depending on the typology. The special cases of information on HIV infection prevention and overdose risk are also evaluated. It is concluded that the typology of drug addicts may shed light on prevention and therapy, whereas more specific therapeutic programs are needed.

The Nature of Addictive Diseases

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Psychoactive Drug ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Drug addiction and addictions to foods, sex, gambling, exercise, and many other things are widespread in modern societies. Addiction or dependence are terms used to describe persistent psychoactive drug use, but these terms also can be applied to other forms of repetitive behaviors. Many of these repetitive behaviors are regulated by specific regions of the brain that are influenced by drugs. Consequently, drug addiction may involve effects on systems that are involved in regulating forms of addiction that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Addictions also seem to be regulated by genetic factors. Because drug addiction may influence the activities of systems that evolved to regulate behaviors necessary to survive (ie, eating and drinking) and because individuals may differ in addict-ability for a given drug caused by genetic reasons, addiction should be considered as a disease and therapy should be developed with this concept in mind.

Psychodynamic Factors and Drug Addiction: Some Theoretical and Research Perspectives

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Theoretical Approaches

The two major theoretical approaches to nonmedical drug use have been identified as the disturbed personality and sociocultural views. The present paper provides a review of psychodynamic contributions to the disturbed personality perspective. Following a brief discussion of earlier psychoanalytic views of substance use and its determinants, attention is devoted to contemporary psychodynamic formulations. It is noted that despite increasing interest shown by psychoanalytic writers to the importance of sociocultural factors, the psychodynamic emphasis continues to be placed on the role of psychopathology, i.e., disturbed personality. One possible direction that further research might take involves an attempt to provide an integrative framework for reconciling these conflicting theoretical approaches. A model which meets many of the criteria for an integrated approach has already been formulated by Dembo and Shern (1982).

scholarly journals Drug Addiction in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The People ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p><em>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernization and globalization, which has led to free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world, can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and the communities in the society, which has become the new of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have undergone changes. Even the substances used for inebriation have changed corresponding with the dynamics of society. Traditionally used drugs, marijuana and cannabis, have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has directly and indirectly encouraged the use and the abuse of the drugs due to the easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously drug use associated crimes as well in the society.</em></p><p><em>A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, that is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of mind and body or both. Globally according to UNODC estimate, in 2009 between, 149 and 272 people or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64 has used illicit substance once in previous year. Cannabis and Amphetamine Type Stimulants [ATS] are two important drugs which are commonly used world-wide.(World Drug Report,2010;pg.123) Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Philippines and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank according to United Nations of Development Countries   [UNODC] in 2004.  Heroin, Cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and causes health problems with incurable diseases. (Changing Drug abuse patterns and law enforcement strategies;pg.-134)  The European-Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA] defines the problem of Drug use as injecting drug use as ‘injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines.’ World Health Organization [WHO] defines Drug Addiction as a ‘disease’  and the American Psychiatric Association defines drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side effects that are caused.(World Drug Report,2012;pg.125-126).</em></p><p><em>Drug Abuse is a global phenomena and it is also abused in India. India is a diverse nation and is like many other nations afflicted by drug abuse and drug addiction among the youths in the society. Drugs like opium and cannabis were traditionally used by the people, which are taken as a pain reliever by the people. ‘Ganja was consumed to worship Hindu God, Lord Shiva, during the festival of ‘Shivratri’ in India.(B. Sundas, 2011;pg.50). According to a nation-wide survey spread over 13 states by a NGO, in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development found that 32.1% children below the age of 18had tasted bhang, ganja, heroin or other forms of narcotics. (P. Mehta, 2011) In 2008, 5.3 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused cocaine in any form and 1.1 million had abused LSD at least once in the year. In 2008,453,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused Heroin at least once in the year. In 2008,25.8 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused marijuana at least once in the year. In 2008,850,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused methamphetamine at least once in the year.(Ibid,pg. 34-40).</em></p><p><em>Northeast has been challenged by serious problem of Drug use by the youth. Nagaland and Manipur are the two states in Manipur are the two states in North-East India, which has the highest prevalence of Intravenous Drugs (IDUs). Even cultivation of opium is done in Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, and supplied to other parts of India. These are the easy routes of drug trafficking across the common borders of Myanmar and the three North-eastern States of India (Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland). There is illicit cultivation of opium and cannabis, the heroin and the amphetamines, and the pharmaceuticals are used as illicit drugs and trafficked in the North-east India. (Drug used in Northeastern States, India;pg.xiv).</em></p>

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