The Nature of Addictive Diseases

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Psychoactive Drug ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Drug addiction and addictions to foods, sex, gambling, exercise, and many other things are widespread in modern societies. Addiction or dependence are terms used to describe persistent psychoactive drug use, but these terms also can be applied to other forms of repetitive behaviors. Many of these repetitive behaviors are regulated by specific regions of the brain that are influenced by drugs. Consequently, drug addiction may involve effects on systems that are involved in regulating forms of addiction that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Addictions also seem to be regulated by genetic factors. Because drug addiction may influence the activities of systems that evolved to regulate behaviors necessary to survive (ie, eating and drinking) and because individuals may differ in addict-ability for a given drug caused by genetic reasons, addiction should be considered as a disease and therapy should be developed with this concept in mind.

Prevalence of psychoactive drug use among medical students in Rio de Janeiro

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 989-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Regina Lambert Passos ◽  
Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil ◽  
Maria Angélica Borges dos Santos ◽  
Maria Tereza Costa de Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Psychoactive Drug

Value, drug addiction and the brain

2021 ◽  
pp. 106816
Author(s):  
Kavinash Loganathan ◽  
Eric Tatt Wei Ho
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Genetic susceptibility of opioid receptor genes polymorphism to drug addiction: A candidate-gene association study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith N. AL-Eitan ◽  
Doaa M. Rababa’h ◽  
Mansour A. Alghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Candidate Gene Association Study ◽  
Candidate Gene Association ◽  
Addiction Risk ◽  
Arab Descent ◽  
Gene Association Study

Abstract Background Like other complex diseases including drug addiction, genetic factors can interfere with the disease. In this study, three opioid genes (OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) were examined for an association with drug addiction among Jordanian males. Methods The study involved 498 addicts, in addition to 496 healthy controls and all from Arab descent. Results The findings in this study showed that rs1799971 of the OPRM1 gene was in association with drug addiction for both alleles and genotypes with P-values = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively. In addition, a significant association between the dominant model (A/A vs G/A-G/G) of rs1799971 (OPRM1) and drug addiction (P-value = 0.003, OR = 1.59 (1.17–2.15)) was detected. Moreover, a genetic haplotype (AGGGCGACCCC) of theOPRM1 gene revealed a significant association with drug addiction (P-value = 0.01, OR = 1.56 (1.15–2.12)). We also found that the age of addicts, smoking, and marital status with genetic variants within OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1 genes may be implicated in drug addiction risk. Conclusion We propose that rs1799971 of the OPRM1gene is a genetic risk factor for drug addiction among Jordanian males.

scholarly journals The Informational Underload (Sensory Deprivation) Model in Contemporary Psychiatry

1967 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Peter Brawley ◽  
Robert Pos
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Psychotic Experience ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Deprivation Model ◽  
The Brain

To summarize briefly: Converging data from many disciplines — psychology, psychiatry, social theory, biochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurophysiology — point to the sensory input regulating mechanism of the central nervous system as a critical factor in the production of hallucinoses and psychotic experience. There is good evidence that what we have called the informational underload model ‘holds considerable promise for improving our understanding of many clinical and non-clinical phenomena of interest to psychiatry. The evidence suggests that a neurophysiological, internal informational underload syndrome may be a final common pathway of psychotic experience. The question as to where such a syndrome might occur in the brain, together with the question of whether such an informational underload syndrome might be due to toxins, genetic factors, conditioning processes, anxiety or dissociation, or other causes, has to be left open. What is needed now, is research directed at these two questions: 1) does such an internal informational underload syndrome occur in the brain, 2) when, where, and under what circumstances does it occur?

scholarly journals Understanding Substance Abuse and its Correlation with Social Changes in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Peter Rai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernisation and globalisation which has given the free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and communities in the society, which has become a new way of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have also undergone social change. Even the trend of taking drugs has changed with change in society. Traditionally used drugs have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has, directly and indirectly, encouraged the use and abuse of drugs due to easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously related crimes in society. </p><p>Drug abuse is global phenomena. A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, which is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of the mind and body or both. Globally, according to UNODC estimate, in 2009, between 149 and 272 million people, or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64, had used illicit substance once in the previous year. Cannabis and ATS (Amphetamine-type stimulants) are two important drugs which are commonly used worldwide. Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug of abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea and the Philippines, and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank (UNODC, 2004). Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and also causes health problems with incurable diseases. The European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) defines the problem of drug use as, “injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines”. World Health Organisation (WHO), defines drug addiction as a ‘disease,’ and the American Psychiatric Association, define drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves, without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side-effects that are caused.'</p>

scholarly journals A Review on Epilepsy and its Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
V.V. Potnis ◽  
Ketan G. Albhar ◽  
Pritamsinh Arjun Nanaware ◽  
Vishal S. Pote
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
The Brain

Today, people face various types of stress in everyday fast life and most people in the world suffer from various neurological disorder. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders of the brain, affecting about 50 million people around the world, and 90% of them are coming from developing countries. Genetic factors and brain infection, stroke, tumors and epilepsy cause high fever. It imposes a great economic burden on the health systems of countries associated with stigma and discrimination against the patient and also his family in the community, in the workplace, school and home. Many patients with epilepsy suffer from severe emotional stress, behavioral disorders and extreme social isolation. There are many different types of seizure and mechanisms by which the brain generates seizures. The two features of generating seizures are hyperexcitability of neurons and a hyper synchronousneural circuits. A variety of mechanisms alters the balance between excitation and inhibition in predisposing brain local or generalized hyperexcitability region and a hypersynchronia. Purpose of the review is to discuss the history, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification of epilepsy, symtomps, diagnosis, management of epilepsy and future trends. Keywords: Anti-epileptic drugs, pathophysiology, seizures, epidemiology, hypersynchrony

scholarly journals Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
New Era ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Opioid Sensitivity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain

Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.

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