Psychodynamic Factors and Drug Addiction: Some Theoretical and Research Perspectives

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Theoretical Approaches

The two major theoretical approaches to nonmedical drug use have been identified as the disturbed personality and sociocultural views. The present paper provides a review of psychodynamic contributions to the disturbed personality perspective. Following a brief discussion of earlier psychoanalytic views of substance use and its determinants, attention is devoted to contemporary psychodynamic formulations. It is noted that despite increasing interest shown by psychoanalytic writers to the importance of sociocultural factors, the psychodynamic emphasis continues to be placed on the role of psychopathology, i.e., disturbed personality. One possible direction that further research might take involves an attempt to provide an integrative framework for reconciling these conflicting theoretical approaches. A model which meets many of the criteria for an integrated approach has already been formulated by Dembo and Shern (1982).

scholarly journals Highlighting the Role of Cognitive and Brain Reserve in the Substance use Disorder Field

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1056-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cutuli ◽  
D. Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda ◽  
E. Castilla-Ortega ◽  
L.J. Santín ◽  
P. Sampedro-Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Brain Reserve ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Preventive Role

Background:Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the ability of an individual to cope with brain pathology remaining free of cognitive symptoms. This protective factor has been related to compensatory and more efficient brain mechanisms involved in resisting brain damage. For its part, Brain reserve (BR) refers to individual differences in the structural properties of the brain which could also make us more resilient to suffer from neurodegenerative and mental diseases.Objective:This review summarizes how this construct, mainly mediated by educational level, occupational attainment, physical and mental activity, as well as successful social relationships, has gained scientific attention in the last years with regard to diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke or traumatic brain injury. Nevertheless, although CR has been studied in a large number of disorders, few researches have addressed the role of this concept in drug addiction.Methods:We provide a selective overview of recent literature about the role of CR and BR in preventing substance use onset. Likewise, we will also discuss how variables involved in CR (healthy leisure, social support or job-related activities, among others) could be trained and included as complementary activities of substance use disorder treatments.Results:Evidence about this topic suggests a preventive role of CR and BR on drug use onset and when drug addiction is established, these factors led to less severe addiction-related problems, as well as better treatment outcomes.Conclusion:CR and BR are variables not taken yet into account in drug addiction. However, they could give us a valuable information about people at risk, as well as patient’s prognosis.

scholarly journals The role of the intermediate management strategy formation

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Daniella Macedo Venâncio ◽  
Rosalia Barbosa Lavarda ◽  
Gabriela Gonçalves Silveira Fiates
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Strategy Formation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Deliberate Strategy ◽  
Small Team

The literature on strategy formation is democratic, since various shapes are recognized and accepted (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand Lampel, 2009). Qualitative studies help to understand what motivates either strategy formation mode. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the process of strategy formation and the role of the management level in the process. qualitative methodology, the case study method followed. The data collection techniques were semi-structured interviews, direct observation and document analysis. The case in point it is a beauty salon Midsize city of Florianópolis / SC. Among the main results, points out that the strategies are formed in integrated manner (deliberate and emergent), which characterizes the middle-up-down style (Nonaka, 1988), it identified yet, according to the integrative framework Hart (1992), three modes that show the formation of the integrated approach: the command, in which the strategy directed by the leader or by a small team from the top; transactional, that sometimes the manager and team members work together in shaping the strategy, driven by internal processes and in agreement; and the generic, and in this case, the strategy is driven by the action of the members of the team and the manager only supports the decision. On the roles of managers, it was found that the administrative manager acts to synthesize for top managers the information collected with the operational level employees, and financial manager acts as implementer of deliberate strategy.

scholarly journals Drug use in the spread and forming of epidemic of hiv infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
O. E. Simakina ◽  
N. A. Belyakov ◽  
V. V. Rassokhin ◽  
N. B. Khalezova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
High Risk Area

The paper reviews issues of drug use in the spread of HIV infection through sexual and injection routes, interaction of drug addicts with the general population, the main psychoactive substances used by drug addicts, the practices that contribute to the transmission of HIV from a drug addict to a healthy person, the representation of drug addicts in risk groups, the course of infections among injecting drug users (IDUs), treatment of drug use and infections in IDUs. The role of drug addiction in maintaining the HIV epidemic is shown. It is observed that people involved in seafaring are in high-risk area by drug addiction as well as by spread of HIV infection. Marine regions are among the most affected.

scholarly journals The Role of Law Enforcement Officers/Police in Drug Prevention Within Educational Settings—Study Protocol for the Development of a Guiding Document Based on Experts’ Opinions

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2613
Author(s):  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Celina Herrera ◽  
Giovanna Campello ◽  
Elizabeth Mattfeld ◽  
Wadih Maalouf
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Substance Use Prevention ◽  
School Based

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime—World Health Organization International Standards on Drug Use Prevention—reflects the value of safe, nurturing and supportive social institutions around the lives of youths to benefit from the prevention of risky behavior extending beyond individually-developed resilience for healthy adolescent development. Schools are valuable social institutions to this effect and school safety and adolescent health outcomes can be threatened by drug use and violence. As such, collaborative, multi-level, evidence-based, developmentally sensitive, substance use prevention programs are imperative. The International Standards, in their latest version, did not reflect specific evidence of law enforcement officer-based programs with effect on drug use prevention, including in school settings. Nevertheless, the collaboration between law enforcement agencies and school-based substance use prevention programs continue to be the focus of research and policy. In this project, we aim to explore in more detail the role of law enforcement in preventing substance use in schools. We use mixed methods, including three phases: (i) scoping review on the best practices for effective law enforcement in school-based drug and crime prevention; (ii) interviews with experts, using the Delphi method, in substance use prevention and training law enforcement in school-based drug prevention; and iii) developing guidelines for law enforcement based on the findings. Initially, we identified a total of 17 papers that were categorized in four categories based on their results (negative or null effect n = 11 studies, positive effect n = 1 study, mixed effects n = 4 studies and indefinite conclusion n = 1 study). However, the authors of the studies with negative or null effect did recommend being cautious about these results due to the respective studies’ methodological limitations. The actual and perceived roles of police are largely unclear and/or variable. Therefore, clear outlines regarding law enforcement’s role within schools are crucial as one study showed that an officer’s role influences how they respond to student conduct. A secondary emergent theme from this review indicates that there is potential for positively impacting a youth’s perceptions of police through collaborative and engaging school-based programs. Currently the project is gradually moving to Phase II, where we are identifying the key experts based on scientifically published peer reviewed and grey literature/guidelines to investigate elements that make the role of law enforcement officers in school-based prevention more effective. Given the frequency with which policy makers around the world request information about the role of law enforcement in effective prevention efforts, guidelines on their roles within schools is a gap that needs to be filled. Such efforts would improve drug prevention in schools and better orient law enforcement’s role in drug prevention within educational settings.

scholarly journals Adolescent drug addiction in the family: causes of occurrence and prevention

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
The Family ◽  
Younger Generation

Adolescent addiction is a serious social problem, considering the significant danger posed by drugs to the health of the younger generation and the social situation at large. Much of the family's lack of attention to the problems of the younger generation has led to the emergence of adolescent drug addiction and the spread of this phenomenon in modern society. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the alarming rate of spread of adolescent drug addiction in society and the decline in the average age of adolescents who have tried drugs for the first time. Purpose: to identify the root causes of adolescent drug addiction in families and to create methods to prevent this phenomenon. Material and methods: The main method of research is the method of analysis, which was used to comprehensively address the issue of adolescent drug addiction in the family, in particular the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. With the help of quantitative-analytical and logical research methods, the factors that motivate young people to use drugs, despite the obvious threat to their health and life, were comprehensively considered and described. Results: Authors identify the main factors that push modern adolescents to start using drugs, the role of the family in such a phenomenon, the types of relations within families where adolescent addiction develops. The types of family relations and the nature of intra-family relations, in which adolescent drug use begins, are revealed. The paper describes the proposed measures to prevent adolescent drug addiction, which should be used to stop the spread of this phenomenon in society. The applied value of this study is to determine the causes of adolescent drug addiction in the family and to develop measures to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon and its further spread in society. Conclusions: Adolescent drug addiction is a serious social problem, the roots of which should be sought in each particular family where the adolescent who started taking drugs was born and raised. The causes of drug addiction in modern families are due to a significant amount of social and psychological factors. The issue of adolescent drug addiction in the family should be considered comprehensively, with reference to the place and role of the family in society. In addition, the involvement of adolescents in sports displaces drugs and contributes to their complete elimination from life. By identifying the main social and psychological aspects that motivate modern adolescents to use drugs, it is possible to create conditions to prevent a situation in society in which drug use by Ukrainian adolescents, in general, would be possible.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document