The Impact of the German Child Benefit on Household Expenditures and Consumption

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Raschke
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
German Child ◽  
Capita Food ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Child Benefit

Abstract The German Child Benefit (‘Kindergeld’) is paid to legal guardians of children as a cash benefit. The benefit does not depend on household income or other household characteristics. I use exogenous variations in the amount of child benefit received by households in the German Socio-Economic Panel to estimate the impact of a given change in the child benefit on food expenditures of households, the probability of owning a home, rent per square meter, measures of the size of the home, as well as parents’ smoking behavior and parents’ alcohol consumption. Households primarily increase per capita food expenditures in response to increases in child benefit, and they also improve housing conditions. The effect of child benefit on per capita food expenditures is larger for low-income households compared to high-income households. I do not find a significant effect of child benefit on parents’ smoking or drinking.

scholarly journals Examining the crises in the food sector of Nigerian agriculture

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Richard Ilorah
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Capita Food ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Mechanisms ◽  
Radical Approach

Food output in Nigeria has deteriorated since the 1970s, whereas the population continues to grow. Consequently, the country experiences a fall in per capita food production. Grouping the country's food producers under four categories, this paper argues that production has remained a predominantly peasant affair, characterized by subsistency, inefficiency and low productivity. For a way forward out of the food crises, we introduce a theoretical model of the impact of policy mechanisms on agricultural output. We also look at the target group of the policy mechanisms. The paper concludes that to tackle the food crises, the country needs a radical approach to the problem, with emphasis on a total departure from its hitherto subsistence farming to a modem commercial farming.

scholarly journals Health spending and vaccination coverage in low-income countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Castillo-Zunino ◽  
Pinar Keskinocak ◽  
Dima Nazzal ◽  
Matthew C Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackgroundRoutine childhood immunization is a cost-effective way to save lives and protect people from disease. Some low-income countries (LIC) have achieved remarkable success in childhood immunization, despite lower levels of gross national income or health spending compared to other countries. We investigated the impact of financing and health spending on vaccination coverage across LIC and lower-middle income countries (LMIC).MethodsAmong LIC, we identified countries with high-performing vaccination coverage (LIC+) and compared their economic and health spending trends with other LIC (LIC-) and LMIC. We used cross-country multi-year linear regressions with mixed-effects to test financial indicators over time. We conducted three different statistical tests to verify if financial trends of LIC+ were significantly different from LIC- and LMIC; p-values were calculated with an asymptotic χ2 test, a Kenward-Roger approximation for F tests, and a parametric bootstrap method.FindingsDuring 2014–18, LIC+ had a mean vaccination coverage between 91–96% in routine vaccines, outperforming LIC- (67–80%) and LMIC (83–89%). During 2000–18, gross national income and development assistance for health (DAH) per capita were not significantly different between LIC+ and LIC- (p > 0·13, p > 0·65) while LIC+ had a significant lower total health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·0001). Government health spending per capita per year increased by US$0·42 for LIC+ and decreased by US$0·24 for LIC- (p < 0·0001). LIC+ had a significantly lower private health spending per capita than LIC- (p < 0·012).InterpretationLIC+ had a difference in vaccination coverage compared to LIC- and LMIC that could not be explained by economic development, total health spending, nor aggregated DAH. The vaccination coverage success of LIC+ was associated with higher government health spending and lower private health spending, with the support of DAH on vaccines.

scholarly journals The impact of financial incentives and restrictions on cyclical food expenditures among low-income households receiving nutrition assistance: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sruthi Valluri ◽  
Susan M. Mason ◽  
Hikaru Hanawa Peterson ◽  
Simone A. French ◽  
Lisa J. Harnack
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Nutrition Assistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

Abstract Background The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest anti-hunger program in the United States. Two proposed interventions to encourage healthier food expenditures among SNAP participants have generated significant debate: financial incentives for fruits and vegetables, and restrictions on foods high in added sugar. To date, however, no study has assessed the impact of these interventions on the benefit cycle, a pattern of rapid depletion of SNAP benefits that has been linked to worsening nutrition and health outcomes over the benefit month. Methods Low-income households not currently enrolled in SNAP (n = 249) received benefits every 4 weeks for 12 weeks on a study-specific benefit card. Households were randomized to one of four study arms: 1) incentive (30% incentive for fruits and vegetables purchased with study benefits), 2) restriction (not allowed to buy sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet baked goods, or candy using study benefits), 3) incentive plus restriction, or 4) control (no incentive or restriction). Weekly household food expenditures were evaluated using generalized estimating equations. Results Compared to the control group, financial incentives increased fruit and vegetable purchases, but only in the first 2 weeks after benefit disbursement. Restrictions decreased expenditures on foods high in added sugar throughout the benefit month, but the magnitude of the impact decreased as the month progressed. Notably, restrictions mitigated cyclical expenditures. Conclusions Policies to improve nutrition outcomes among SNAP participants should consider including targeted interventions in the second half of the month to address the benefit cycle and attendant nutrition outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT02643576. Retrospectively registered December 22, 2014.

Food expenditure responses to income/expenditure shocks in rural China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Cui ◽  
Jikun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Chinese Study ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures and determines whether the impacts of large shocks differ among households, especially low-income households. Design/methodology/approach The study’s data are drawn from a household survey conducted in rural China. Multivariate analysis examines the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on food expenditures. Findings The impacts of large positive income shocks on food expenditure are moderate. However, households reduce their per capita food expenditures within a range of about 25-30 percent after suffering large negative shocks. The greatest impact is found for shocks where expenditures more than double, followed by the impact of shocks where income declines by more than half. Moreover, food expenditures among low-income households are much more sensitive to large negative income and expenditure shocks. The paper concludes with policy implications. Originality/value This is the first Chinese study to empirically examine the impacts of different income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures. The results have important implications for smoothing households’ food consumption after they suffer from shocks.

scholarly journals Analysis of Household Food Security of Fishermen in Coastal Area, Bangil District, Pasuruan Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 009 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Desy Cahyaning Utami ◽  
◽  
Wenny Mamilianti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Food Needs

The low income of fishermen makes it difficult to fulfill basic household food needs and non-food basic needs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of energy adequacy and the level of protein adequacy and identify the factors that affect the food security of fishermen's households. The first analysis was carried out descriptively by combining food expenditure and energy consumption indicators. The second analysis uses a logit model regression analysis. The analysis results show that the food security condition of fishermen's households is at the food shortage level of 43.34%. Fisherman households in the food insecurity criteria are 10%, and food security is 23.33%. It means that more than 60% of fishermen's household income is spent on food consumption. The low income received has resulted in fisherman households being unable to allocate food expenditures to meet the nutritional adequacy of their household. The factors that influence the food security of fishermen's households are the size of the household members, household expenditures, and the nutritional knowledge of housewives. Local governments should coordinate with other institutions to formulate policies and plans for economic development in coastal areas.

Off-farm income and food expenditure of rural households in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1088-1100
Author(s):  
Yuying Liu ◽  
Alan Renwick ◽  
Xinhong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of off-farm income on food expenditure, using survey data of 493 rural households from Gansu, Henan and Shandong provinces in China. Design/methodology/approach A two-stage least squares estimator is used to jointly estimate the determinants of off-farm income and the direct impact of off-farm income on food expenditure while controlling for the endogeneity issue associated with off-farm income variable. Findings The empirical results show that gender, education of household head, household size, farm size, the presence of children, smartphone use and asset ownership mainly determine off-farm income, and the off-farm income affects food expenditure of rural households significantly. In particular, the results show that a 1,000 yuan increase in per capita off-farm income increases per capita food expenditure by 61 yuan. Further estimations reveal that off-farm income has a larger effect on food expenditure of high-income rural households relative to their low-income counterparts. Originality/value Although poverty implications of off-farm income have been well documented, few studies have analysed the effects of off-farm income on food expenditure of rural households. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies on this issue that focus on rural China. Therefore, the present study attempts to provide a first insight into the association between off-farm income and food expenditure of rural households in China, with the aim of providing useful evidence for policymakers in their efforts to reduce rural and urban food consumption gap and further increase social welfare.

Ageing, wellbeing and development: Brazil and South Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Barrientos ◽  
Valerie Møller ◽  
João Saboia ◽  
Peter Lloyd-Sherlock ◽  
Julia Mase
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Satisfaction Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the impact of individual ageing on the wellbeing of older people and their households in low-income areas Brazil and South Africa. The research was based on a longitudinal and comparative survey of around 1000 older persons and their households in selected low-income locations in the two countries. A comparison of older people’s wellbeing levels in 2002 and 2008 found improvement over time in a range of wellbeing indicators: per capita household income and expenditure; multidimensional measures; and life satisfaction measures. For low-income households, pension income is essential to their wellbeing, livelihoods, and social inclusion. The research findings suggest that, with appropriate public policies, individual ageing is not necessarily associated with a decline in wellbeing in developing countries.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor: Insights from the Hrishipara diaries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Rönkkö ◽  
Stuart Rutherford ◽  
Kunal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Setting ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Time Basis ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we examine the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of the poor. We use an unusually rich data set from a ‘financial diaries’ study known as the Hrishipara Daily Diaries Project. The data set tracks the economic and financial transactions of 60 individuals and their families in a semi-rural setting in Bangladesh on a real-time basis from October 2019 to September 2020. We document individual diarists’ behavioural responses to COVID-19, which reveal the varied experiences of the poor during the pandemic. We find that the pandemic and associated government lockdowns had significant negative effects on the livelihoods of the poor in our study, with financial inflows and outflows, incomes, and household expenditures below pre-pandemic levels during the pandemic period. To cope with the pandemic, households drew down on their cash reserves at home, as well as cutting down on non-food expenditures to protect their spending on food.

Adequacy of food spending is related to housing expenditures among lower-income Canadian households

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1464-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon I Kirkpatrick ◽  
Valerie Tarasuk
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing Subsidy ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivesA number of studies have pointed to the pressure that housing costs can exert on the resources available for food. The objectives of the present study were to characterise the relationship between the proportion of income absorbed by housing and the adequacy of household food expenditures across the Canadian population and within income quintiles; and to elucidate the impact of receipt of a housing subsidy on adequacy of food expenditures among low-income tenant households.DesignThe 2001 Survey of Household Spending, conducted by Statistics Canada, was a national cross-sectional survey that collected detailed information on expenditures on goods and services. The adequacy of food spending was assessed in relation to the cost of a basic nutritious diet.SettingCanada.SubjectsThe person with primary responsibility for financial maintenance from 15 535 households from all provinces and territories.ResultsAs the proportion of income allocated to housing increased, food spending adequacy declined significantly among households in the three lowest income quintiles. After accounting for household income and composition, receipt of a housing subsidy was associated with an improvement in adequacy of food spending among low-income tenant households, but still mean food spending fell below the cost of a basic nutritious diet even among subsidised households.ConclusionsThis study indicates that housing costs compromise the food access of some low-income households and speaks to the need to re-examine policies related to housing affordability and income adequacy.

scholarly journals Child Benefit Reform and Labor Market Participation

2010 ◽  
Vol 230 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
German Child ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benefit System ◽  
Child Benefit

SummaryThis paper examines the impact of a change in the German child benefit system in 1996, which led to a large increase in lump sum transfers to families with children.We analyze the impact on the labor force participation of women. Comparing behavioral changes of women with children with behavioral changes of women without children, we find that mothers with a working partner and children above age six considerably reduced the number of working hours (conditional on participation). Participation rates however did not decrease.

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