AbstractObjectivesThis research work exclusively aims to develop a novel heart disease prediction framework including three major phases, namely proposed feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, and proposed ensemble-based classification.MethodsAs the novelty, the training of NN is carried out by a new enhanced optimization algorithm referred to as Sea Lion with Canberra Distance (S-CDF) via tuning the optimal weights. The improved S-CDF algorithm is the extended version of the existing “Sea Lion Optimization (SLnO)”. Initially, the statistical and higher-order statistical features are extracted including central tendency, degree of dispersion, and qualitative variation, respectively. However, in this scenario, the “curse of dimensionality” seems to be the greatest issue, such that there is a necessity of dimensionality reduction in the extracted features. Hence, the principal component analysis (PCA)-based feature reduction approach is deployed here. Finally, the dimensional concentrated features are fed as the input to the proposed ensemble technique with “Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)” with optimized Neural Network (NN) as the final classifier.ResultsAn elaborative analyses as well as discussion have been provided by concerning the parameters, like evaluation metrics, year of publication, accuracy, implementation tool, and utilized datasets obtained by various techniques.ConclusionsFrom the experiment outcomes, it is proved that the accuracy of the proposed work with the proposed feature set is 5, 42.85, and 10% superior to the performance with other feature sets like central tendency + dispersion feature, central tendency qualitative variation, and dispersion qualitative variation, respectively.ResultsFinally, the comparative evaluation shows that the presented work is appropriate for heart disease prediction as it has high accuracy than the traditional works.
XFEL and HHG interaction with matter: Effects of ultrashort pulses and random spikes
