Hemocyte activation and nodule formation in the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata

Abstract Background The ability of chickpea to obtain sufficient nitrogen via its symbiotic relationship with Mesorhizobium ciceri is of critical importance in supporting growth and grain production. A number of factors can affect this symbiotic relationship including abiotic conditions, plant genotype, and disruptions to host signalling/perception networks. In order to support improved nodule formation in chickpea, we investigated how plant genotype and soil nutrient availability affect chickpea nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Further, using transcriptomic profiling, we sought to identify gene expression patterns that characterize highly nodulated genotypes. Results A study involving six chickpea varieties demonstrated large genotype by soil nitrogen interaction effects on nodulation and further identified agronomic traits of genotypes (such as shoot weight) associated with high nodulation. We broadened our scope to consider 29 varieties and breeding lines to examine the relationship between soilborne disease resistance and the number of nodules developed and real-time nitrogen fixation. Results of this larger study supported the earlier genotype specific findings, however, disease resistance did not explain differences in nodulation across genotypes. Transcriptional profiling of six chickpea genotypes indicates that genes associated with signalling, N transport and cellular localization, as opposed to genes associated with the classical nodulation pathway, are more likely to predict whether a given genotype will exhibit high levels of nodule formation. Conclusions This research identified a number of key abiotic and genetic factors affecting chickpea nodule development and nitrogen fixation. These findings indicate that an improved understanding of genotype-specific factors affecting chickpea nodule induction and function are key research areas necessary to improving the benefits of rhizobial symbiosis in chickpea.

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A Fatal Case of Powassan Virus Encephalitis

Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology ◽

10.1093/jnen/nlaa094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (11) ◽

pp. 1239-1243

Author(s):

Qiqi Yu ◽

Eduard Matkovic ◽

Sarah Reagan-Steiner ◽

Amy M Denison ◽

Rebecca Osborn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Neuronal Degeneration ◽

Fatal Case ◽

Central Nervous System Involvement ◽

Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Powassan Virus ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Autopsy Tissues

Abstract Powassan virus (POWV) is a flavivirus of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup that causes a rare and potentially life-threatening neuroinvasive disease. Viral transmission occurs during zoonotic spillover from mammals by the bite of an infected tick in endemic regions of North America. The number of reported POWV cases has recently increased in the United States. We report a fatal case of POWV meningoencephalomyelitis in Northern Wisconsin following a documented tick bite. Histologic examination of the brain demonstrated widespread intraparenchymal and perivascular lymphohistocytic infiltration, microglial nodule formation, and marked neuronal degeneration, most severely involving the substantia nigra, anterior horn of spinal cord and cerebellum. Although no viral inclusions were seen in routine light microscopy, electron microscopy identified multiple neurons containing cytoplasmic clusters of virus particles ∼50 nm in diameter. POWV infection was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This report demonstrates in detail regional central nervous system involvement and ultrastructural characteristics of Powassan viral particles by transmission electron microscopy, while highlighting the utility of evaluating fixed autopsy tissues in cases of unexplained meningoencephalomyelitis.

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Rock-Solubilizing Microbial Inoculums Have Enormous Potential as Ecological Remediation Agents to Promote Plant Growth

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12030357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 357

Author(s):

Zhaohui Jia ◽

Miaojing Meng ◽

Chong Li ◽

Bo Zhang ◽

Lu Zhai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Ecological Restoration ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽

Growth Index ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Bare Rock ◽

Mining Sites ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia L

Anthropogenic overexploitation poses significant threats to the ecosystems that surround mining sites, which also have tremendous negative impacts on human health and society safety. The technological capacity of the ecological restoration of mine sites is imminent, however, it remains a challenge to sustain the green restorative effects of ecological reconstruction. As a promising and environmentally friendly method, the use of microbial technologies to improve existing ecological restoration strategies have shown to be effective. Nonetheless, research into the mechanisms and influences of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums on plant growth is negligible and the lack of this knowledge inhibits the broader application of this technology. We compared the effects of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums on two plant species. The results revealed that rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums significantly increased the number of nodules and the total nodule volume of Robinia pseudoacacia L. but not of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. The reason of the opposite reactions is possibly because the growth of R. pseudoacacia was significantly correlated with nodule formation, whereas L. bicolor’s growth index was more closely related to soil characteristics and if soil nitrogen content was sufficient to support its growth. Further, we found that soil sucrase activity contributed the most to the height of R. pseudoacacia, and the total volume of root nodules contributed most to its ground diameter and leaf area. Differently, we found a high contribution of total soil carbon to seedling height and ground diameter of L. bicolor, and the soil phosphatase activity contributed the most to the L. bicolor’ s leaf area. Our work suggests that the addition of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums can enhance the supply capacity of soil nutrients and the ability of plants to take up nutrients for the promotion of plant growth. Altogether, our study provides technical support for the practical application of rock-solubilizing microbes on bare rock in the future.

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The outcome of seven patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2015-0471 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Songul Gokay ◽

Pembe Soylu Ustkoyuncu ◽

Fatih Kardas ◽

Mustafa Kendirci

Keyword(s):

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

First Year ◽

Tyrosine Metabolism ◽

Tyrosinemia Type 1 ◽

Hereditary Tyrosinemia ◽

Biochemical Imaging

AbstractBackground:Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare, inborn error of tyrosine metabolism. It is a fatal disorder without treatment. Early treatment may prevent acute liver failure, renal dysfunction, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and improves survival. The aim of the present study is to describe the clinical, biochemical, imaging and follow-up of seven patients with HT1 and to define the consequences of the late and interrupted treatment.Methods:A retrospective study was carried out with seven HT1 patients.Results:The median age at onset of clinical symptoms was 11.2 months (range, 3–28 months) and the median age at diagnosis was 22 months (range, 6–58 months). Liver enzymes and coagulation parameters were back to normal in all symptomatic patients in about 2 weeks. Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were normalized within the first year of therapy. Hypoechoic nodule formation was detected in two of the seven patients despite drug treatment without an increase of AFP and any dysplastic changes in the biopsies. One patient died due to metastatic HCC because of the late diagnosis and the poor compliance of the follow-up.Conclusions:This study showed once again that adherence to the treatment and a follow-up schedule of the patients are very important. Also it should not be forgotten that nodule formation can occur despite nitisinone treatment without an increase of AFP. Despite nitisinone treatment, HT1 patients still carry the risk of HCC. HCC must be detected before metastasis to other organs otherwise, patients may lose the chance for liver transplantation.

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Studies on callose and cutin during the expression of competence and determination for organogenic nodule formation from internodes of Humulus lupulus var. Nugget

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160114.x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ana M. Fortes ◽

Pilar S. Testillano ◽

Maria Del Carmen Risueño ◽

Maria S. Pais

Keyword(s):

Humulus Lupulus ◽

Nodule Formation

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Feedback regulation of nodule formation in Hippopha� rhamnoides

Plant and Soil ◽

10.1007/bf00018843 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 144 (1) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Svetlana V. Dobritsa ◽

Svetlana N. Novik

Keyword(s):

Feedback Regulation ◽

Nodule Formation

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Effective and ineffective root nodules in Myrica faya

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1976.0080 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 194 (1116) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Keyword(s):

Root Nodules ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Culture Solution ◽

Myrica Gale ◽

Main Site ◽

Myrica Faya ◽

Modern Methods ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Nodule Endophytes

In cross-inoculation trials, inocula containing the nodule endophytes of Myrica gale, M. cerifera, M. cordifolia and M. pilulifera respectively were applied to the roots of young plants of M. faya Ait. growing in nitrogen-free culture solution. All four inocula induced nodule formation, and except where the M. gale inoculum had been used the nodules were of effective type and enabled the plants bearing them to grow nearly as well as other M. faya plants associated with the normal endophyte. The nodules induced by the M. gale endophyte were very numerous, but remained small and fixed no significant amount of nitrogen, and were thus ineffective. Light and electron microscopy showed that in the effective nodules induced by the normal endophyte or by that of M. cordifolia , the endophyte was confined to a layer 1-2 cells deep near the middle of the nodule cortex, and that in respect of the width of the hyphae and their production of club-shaped internally subdivided vesicles, the endophytes resembled closely those in the nodules of the few other species of Myrica that have been studied by modern methods of microscopy. In ineffective nodules the disposition of the infected cells was unchanged, but within the cells only a sparse development of the endophyte was observed, and no vesicles were found. The finding that nodules lacking vesicles showed little or no fixation is consistent with other evidence that the vesicles normally produced by non-legume nodule endophytes are the main site of nitrogen fixation.

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The Poor Osteoinductive Capability of Human Acellular Bone Matrix

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139881203501204 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (12) ◽

pp. 1061-1069 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yi-Zhou Huang ◽

Jia-Qin Cai ◽

Jing Xue ◽

Xiao-He Chen ◽

Chao-Liang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Regeneration ◽

Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Structural Features ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

Porous Network ◽

Native Bone ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Osteoid Formation ◽

Stem Cell Niches

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has extensive clinical use for bone regeneration because of its osteoinductive and osteoconductive aptitude. It is suggested that the demineralization process in bone matrix preparation is influential in maintaining osteoinductivity; however, relevant investigations, especially into the osteoinductivity of acellular bone matrix, are not often performed. This study addressed the osteoinductive capability of human acellular cancellous bone matrix (ACBM) after subcutaneous implantation in a rat model. The growth and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) seeded in this material were also studied. Without the demineralization process, the ACBM we obtained had an interconnected porous network and the micropores in the surface were clearly exposed. After the ACBM was subcutaneously implanted for 4 months, new osteoid formation was noted but not typical mature bone formation. rBM-MSCs grew well in the ACBM and kept a steady morphology after continuous culture for 28 days. However, no mineralized nodule formation was detected and the expression levels of genes encoding osteogenic markers were significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that human ACBM possess the structural features of native bone and poor osteoinductivity; nonetheless this material helped to preserve the undifferentiated phenotype of rBM-MSCs. Such insights may further broaden our understanding of the application of ACBM for bone regeneration and the creation of stem cell niches.

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