Effect of Grain Type and Milled Rice Kernel Hardness on the Head Rice Yields

Red rice at 20 plants m−2was grown with two rice cultivars for 0, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 days after emergence. Red rice interference for 120 days after rice emergence reduced straw dry weights of Lemont and Newbonnet 58 and 34%, respectively. Grain yield of Lemont and Newbonnet was reduced 86 and 52%, respectively, by red rice interference for 120 days after emergence. Regression analyses indicated that red rice interference reduced straw dry weights of Newbonnet and Lemont 25 and 50 kg ha−1day−1, respectively, for interference durations of 40 to 120 days after emergence. Grain yield of Newbonnet and Lemont was reduced 60 and 93 kg ha−1day−1, respectively, for interference durations of 60 to 120 days. Negative linear relationships occurred between interference durations of red rice and plant height, panicles m−2, spikelets panicle−1, filled grains panicle−1, or panicle length of both cultivars. However, all parameters were reduced more for Lemont than for Newbonnet as interference duration increased. Head rice (whole kernels) and total milled rice yields of both cultivars were reduced by season-long red rice interference. Red rice straw dry weight and number of culms m−2were greater when red rice was grown with Lemont than when grown with Newbonnet.

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Competition of Bearded Sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) with Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500068661 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 120-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Roy J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Paddy Rice ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Weed Density ◽

Weed Plant ◽

Linear Decrease ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rice Yields

Yields of drill-seeded paddy rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Lebonnet’) at optimum stands of 215 to 270 plants/m2at Stuttgart, Arkansas, were reduced 9, 18, 20, and 36% by bearded sprangletop [Leptochloa fascicularis(Lam.) Gray] densities of 11, 22, 54, and 108 plants/m2, respectively. There was a linear decrease in rice grain yield of 21 kg/ha for each bearded sprangletop plant per square meter. Weed densities of 54 and 108 plants/m2reduced head-rice yields (whole milled kernels) and a density of 108 plants/m2reduced germination of rice seed. The number of bearded sprangletop panicles produced per weed plant decreased as the weed density increased.

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Genetic and Genotype ✕ Environment Effects for Rough Rice and Head Rice Yields

Crop Science ◽

10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100040013x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 907-911 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

K. A. Gravois ◽

K. A. K. Moldenhauer ◽

P. C. Rohman

Keyword(s):

Environment Effects ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Rice Yields

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X-Ray Detection of Fissures in Rough Rice Kernels

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.12369 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 721-728 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zephania R. Odek ◽

Bhagwati Prakash ◽

Terry J. Siebenmorgen

Keyword(s):

Rice Yield ◽

X Rays ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Head Rice Yield ◽

Rice Drying

Abstract. X-ray imaging is a viable method of fissure detection in rough rice kernels owing to the ability of X-rays to penetrate hulls, thus allowing visualization of internal rice kernel structure. Traditional methods of fissure detection are only applicable for brown and milled rice, and therefore cannot be used to study fissures developed during rough rice drying. In this study, the fissure detection capability of an X-ray system was evaluated and the relationship between head rice yield (HRY), as measured through laboratory milling, and the percentage of fissured rough rice kernels was determined. Long-grain rice lots of various cultivars were dried using heated air at 60°C, 10% relative humidity (RH) for five drying durations to produce different degrees of fissuring, and then milled to determine HRY. A strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.95) between HRY and the percentage of fissured rough rice kernels after drying was determined. This correlation confirms the substantial impact that kernel fissures have on milling yields. Overall, these findings show the effectiveness of X-ray imaging in rough rice fissure detection, which could allow for drying research that may provide a better understanding of kernel fissuring kinetics. Keywords: Fissures, Grainscope, Head rice yield, Rice drying, X-ray imaging.

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Identification and Verification of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Milling Yield of Rice

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10010075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hui Zhang ◽

Yu-Jun Zhu ◽

An-Dong Zhu ◽

Ye-Yang Fan ◽

Ting-Xu Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Yield Traits ◽

Multiple Traits ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Milling Quality ◽

Head Rice ◽

Trait Loci ◽

Milling Yield

Rice is generally consumed in the form of milled rice. The yield of total milled rice and head mill rice is affected by both the paddy rice yield and milling efficiency. In this study, three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations and one F4:5 population derived from a residual heterozygous (RH) plant were used to determine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting milling yield of rice. Seven traits were analyzed, including recovery of brown rice (BR), milled rice (MR) and head rice (HR); grain yield (GY); and the yield of brown rice (BRY), milled rice (MRY) and head rice (HRY). A total of 77 QTLs distributed on 35 regions was detected in the three RIL populations. Four regions, where qBR5, qBR7, qBR10, and qBR12 were located, were validated in the RH-derived F4:5 population. In the three RIL populations, all the 11 QTLs for GY detected were accompanied with QTLs for two or all the three milling yield traits. Not only the allele direction for milling yield traits was unchanged, but also the effects were consistent with GY. In the RH-derived F4:5 population, regions controlling GY also affected all three milling yield traits. Results indicated that variations of BRY and MRY were mainly ascribed to GY, but HRY was determined by both GY and HR. Results also showed that the regions covering GW5–Chalk5 and Wx loci had major effects on milling quality and milling yield of rice. These two regions, which have been known to affect multiple traits determining grain quality and yield of rice, provide good candidates for milled yield improvement.

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Effect of Storage Moisture Content on Milling Characteristics of Rough Rice

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.13274 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 1011-1019

Author(s):

Bhagwati Prakash ◽

Terry J. Siebenmorgen ◽

Kristen E. Gibson ◽

Shweta Kumari

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Surface Lipid ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Financial Return ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Head Rice Yield ◽

Milling Characteristics ◽

The Mean

Abstract. Rough rice in the Mid-South U.S. is typically stored and milled at a moisture content (MC) between 12% and 13% on a wet basis. Drying harvested rice to lesser MCs requires increasingly greater energy and reduces the overall mass of rice, both of which translate into lesser financial return for the crop. Considering these disadvantages of drying and storing rice at lesser MCs, farmers and grain handlers have been interested in exploring storing rice at slightly greater MCs. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of storing rice at five MCs (11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, and 15%) on milling characteristics, particularly surface lipid content (SLC), milled rice yield (MRY), and head rice yield (HRY); additionally, the effects of storing rice at two storage temperatures (25°C and 35°C) and several storage durations (up to one year) on milling characteristics were investigated. Five long-grain rice lots were harvested in 2016 and 2017 from several locations in Arkansas; rice from each lot was gently dried to the target MCs and then stored in sealed glass jars at selected temperatures. With an increase in storage MC, shorter milling durations were needed to achieve a given SLC, which could potentially reduce the cost of the milling operation. However, rice samples stored at greater MCs were observed to have lesser HRYs, which could reduce the economic value of rice. The mean HRYs of the 15% MC samples were 4.8 to 9.1 percentage points less than the mean HRYs of the 12% MC samples. This study quantifies the milling characteristics of rice when stored for various durations at different MCs and temperatures. Overall, these data will allow the rice industry to make informed decisions related to storage conditions of rice, specifically storage MC. Keywords: Head rice yield, Milling, Moisture content, Rice, Storage.

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Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) Duration of Interference in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075767 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 747-750 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

John T. McGregor ◽

Roy J. Smith ◽

Ronald E. Talbert

Keyword(s):

Rice Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Rough Kernel ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Head Rice Yield ◽

Rice Yields ◽

Brachiaria Platyphylla

Interference from broadleaf signalgrass at a density of 180 plants/m2reduced rough rice yields of ‘Bond’ a maximum of 48% at 95 days after rice emergence and reduced yields of ‘Mars' a maximum of 21% from season-long interference. Interference durations of 40 days or longer reduced the panicles/m2, culms/m2, and plant height of rice. Straw dry weight of Bond and Mars was reduced 41 and 26%, respectively, from season-long interference. Increased durations of weed interference did not affect the number of spikelets/panicle, percent filled spikelets, rough kernel weight, or head rice yield of either cultivar. Broadleaf signalgrass produced less dry weight and fewer panicles/m2when grown with Mars than with Bond.

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Prediction of Rice Milling Yield and Quality Attributes during Storage Using Regression Analyses

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.13441 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 1259-1268

Author(s):

Soraya Shafiekhani ◽

Jung Ae Lee ◽

Griffiths G. Atungulu

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Rice ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Milling Yield

Abstract. Regression analyses were performed to determine the storage conditions that exhibited the best outcomes for long-grain, hybrid milled rice yield and quality. This study evaluated mold population on rough rice, milled rice discoloration, and head rice yield (HRY) after storage of rough rice in airtight conditions at moisture contents (MCs) of 12.5%, 16%, 19%, and 21% wet basis and temperatures of 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 27°C, and 40°C at two-week intervals for 12 weeks. The experiment used a popular long-grain hybrid rice cultivar (XL745). Rice lots were procured from fields with and without conventional treatment of the field with fungicide for plant disease management. Field treatment and no field treatment were considered as a block, and a Mann-Whitney test was conducted to determine effect. The response surface method, an extension of second-order polynomial regression, was used to examine optimal treatment conditions. Mold population and milled rice discoloration from a combination of storage conditions were predicted using regression models. The first-order and second-order terms of temperature indicated a nonlinear relationship between temperature and ln(discoloration). The MC was positively associated with ln(discoloration), but the degree of impact may change with temperature because the interaction term was significant. From the model evaluation (R2 and lack-of-fit test), the discoloration level is expected to be 57% (49% to 66% confidence interval) under conditions of 20% MC, 40°C, and nine weeks of storage for samples procured from fungicide-treated rice fields. This discoloration change is substantial compared to the initial discoloration of 9%. At high temperature (40°C) and MC (21%), discoloration started immediately after two weeks of storage. Anaerobic storage conditions impeded mold growth, especially at high storage temperature (40°C). Low mold populations were observed in rice stored at low MC (16%). According to the regression model, the critical storage temperature that may lead to discoloration is between 27°C and 40°C. Pre-harvest fungicide treatment of rice in the field for disease control significantly improved the HRY but had no significant influence on mold population or discoloration. This study suggests a range of storage conditions to prevent losses in milling yield and quality of rice. In addition, the studied storage conditions mimicked the typical conditions for on-farm, in-bin drying and storage in the U.S. Mid-South, especially for the top layers of rice inside the bin, and therefore provide an important reference for growers and rice processors using in-bin structures to manage the quality of long-grain hybrid rice. Keywords: Discoloration, Head rice yield, Mold population, Regression analysis, Rice quality, Rice storage.

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Milling, Nutritional, Physical and Cooking Properties of Four Basmati Rice Varieties

Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council ◽

10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19686 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Pravin Ojha ◽

Omkar Chaudhary ◽

Ujjwol Subedi ◽

Roman Karki ◽

Durga Man Singh Dongol

Keyword(s):

Cooking Quality ◽

Expansion Ratio ◽

Basmati Rice ◽

Limited Information ◽

Elongation Ratio ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Cooking Properties ◽

Head Rice ◽

Characteristic Features

Rice is one of the most popular staple foods produced contributing higher most in agriculture gross domestic production in Nepal. Thus, nutritional, physicochemical, and cooking properties of rice might interplay important roles in their production and farming practice, therefore, it is inevitable to understand these characteristic features. However, there has been only limited information available on such properties, therefore we aimed to examine nutritional, physicochemical and cooking properties of four Basmati varieties of rice namely Red Basmati, White Basmati, Black Basmati and Pokhareli Basmati. These rice varieties were purchased from different places in Nepal in paddy form. In this study various parameters associated with milling, nutritional, physical and cooking properties were evaluated. To measure protein contents in rice, Kjeldal method was implied. Among the varieties, the protein content was maximum in Red Basmati (7.74%) and minimum in Black Basmati (6.51%). The milled rice percentage and head rice recovery were maximum in Pokhareli Basmati represented by 72.02±0.10 and 67.46±0.42, respectively, while and minimum in White Basmati represented by 68.17±0.50 and 65.11±0.28, respectively. The kernel elongation ratio and volume expansion ratio was maximum in Red Basmati represented by 1.62 and 2.85 respectively. Water uptake ratio was maximum 3.11 in Black Basmati and minimum of 2.18 in Red Basmati. Gruel loss was found lowest 1.05% in Red Basmati and highest represented by 2.40% in Black Basmati. The highest starch iodine blue value of 0.21 was observed in Red Basmati and lowest of 0.12 in Black Basmati. The Red Basmati was found to have the better cooking quality among all varieties.

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Effects of Moisture Adsorption on the Head Rice Yields of Long-Grain Rough Rice

Transactions of the ASAE ◽

10.13031/2013.30386 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 1767-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Terry J. Siebenmorgen ◽

Vinod K. Jindal

Keyword(s):

Moisture Adsorption ◽

Head Rice ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Rice Yields

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