Interspecific Differences in the Response of Female Birds to Song Repertoires

Several ecological and behavioural factors are correlated with interspecific differences in the complexity and tem poral arrangem ent of passerine songs. For example, song repertoires are larger in species where males provide more parental care; syllable repertoire sizes are greater in polygynous species; migrants have larger song and syllable repertoires; and more vocalization during a song bout is associated with higher fecundities and lower metabolic rates. These associations often differ at different taxonomic levels, suggesting that the factors causing divergence in song characters within genera are different from those responsible for divergence among more distantly related taxa. In general, correlates of greater song complexity can be interpreted as those factors likely to produce more intense inter- or intra-sexual selection (polygyny, migration, paternal care). Measures of song output are correlated with factors likely to be associated with species differences in energetic requirements (metabolic rate) or reproductive effort (fecundity). The ecological and behavioural correlates of within-song complexity differ from those of between-song complexity, suggesting that they are not alternative solutions to the same selective pressures

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Long-term in vitro Storage Technique of Valuable Birch Genotypes and Plant Production on its Basis

Biotekhnologiya ◽

10.21519/0234-2758-2019-35-3-57-67 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 57-67

Author(s):

T.M. Tabatskaya ◽

N.I. Vnukova

Keyword(s):

Plant Production ◽

High Survival ◽

Ex Vitro ◽

Regenerative Capacity ◽

In Vitro Storage ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Regenerated Plants ◽

Growing Conditions

A technique for the long-term (up to 27 years) in vitro storage of valuable birch genotypes under normal (25 °C, 2.0 klx, 16-h day and 8-h night) and low temperature (4 °C, 0.5 klx, 6-h day and 18-h night) growing conditions on hormone-free media has been described. The study explored for the first time the influence of different strategies to store the clones of Betula pubescens and B. pendula var. сarelica (6 genotypes) on the regenerative capacity of collection samples, adaptive potential of regenerated plants and plant production by the in vitro and ex vitro techniques. It was established that both storage strategies provided a persistently high survival rate (82-100%) and regenerative capacity of in vitro shoots (the multiplication coefficient of 4.2-6.3 and rhizogenic activity of 90-100%). The clones retained their characteristics of height growth under the in vitro and ex vitro conditions, and demonstrated intraclonal homogeneity and lack of signs of somaclonal variability. The plants showed substantial interspecific differences at the stage of multiplication and transfer to the greenhouse. The highest percentage of acclimated plants (75-98% depending on the clone genotype) was obtained after planting of micro plants straight in the greenhouse, which simplified the technology and made plant production less costly. long-term in vitro storage, birch, species, genotype, micropropagation, ex vitro adaptation, plant material

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Altitudinal and Interspecific Differences in the Rehydration Abilities of Puerto Rican Frogs (Eleutherodactylus)

Physiological Zoology ◽

10.1086/physzool.55.2.30155847 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 130-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Fredrica Van Berkum ◽

F. Harvey Pough ◽

Margaret M. Stewart ◽

Peter F. Brussard

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rican ◽

Interspecific Differences

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Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcaa204 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tetsuya K Matsumoto ◽

Muneto Hirobe ◽

Masahiro Sueyoshi ◽

Yuko Miyazaki

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Isolation ◽

Altitudinal Gradient ◽

Flowering Phenology ◽

Altitudinal Distribution ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Flower Visitation ◽

Fungus Gnats ◽

Floral Visitor ◽

Floral Visitors ◽

Experimental Plots

Abstract Background and Aims Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. Methods We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established 10 experimental plots including the five Arisaema species on high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using the unified formula for reproductive isolation. Key Results Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots, and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. Conclusions Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.

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Bark traits, decomposition and flammability of Australian forest trees

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt16258 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 327 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Saskia Grootemaat ◽

Ian J. Wright ◽

Peter M. van Bodegom ◽

Johannes H. C. Cornelissen ◽

Veronica Shaw

Keyword(s):

Forest Tree ◽

Remarkable Feature ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Eucalypt Plantations ◽

Physical Traits ◽

Key Driver ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Species Specific ◽

First Time ◽

Different Tissues

Bark shedding is a remarkable feature of Australian trees, yet relatively little is known about interspecific differences in bark decomposability and flammability, or what chemical or physical traits drive variation in these properties. We measured the decomposition rate and flammability (ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility) of bark from 10 common forest tree species, and quantified correlations with potentially important traits. We compared our findings to those for leaf litter, asking whether the same traits drive flammability and decomposition in different tissues, and whether process rates are correlated across tissue types. Considerable variation in bark decomposability and flammability was found both within and across species. Bark decomposed more slowly than leaves, but in both tissues lignin concentration was a key driver. Bark took longer to ignite than leaves, and had longer mass-specific flame durations. Variation in flammability parameters was driven by different traits in the different tissues. Decomposability and flammability were each unrelated, when comparing between the different tissue types. For example, species with fast-decomposing leaves did not necessarily have fast-decomposing bark. For the first time, we show how patterns of variation in decomposability and flammability of bark diverge across multiple species. By taking species-specific bark traits into consideration there is potential to make better estimates of wildfire risks and carbon loss dynamics. This can lead to better informed management decisions for Australian forests, and eucalypt plantations, worldwide.

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No hybridization and marked interspecific differences in individual growth rate in mixed cultures of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and grooved carpet-shell clam (R. decussatus)

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 541 ◽

pp. 736824

Author(s):

Pablo Markaide ◽

Ignasi Gairín ◽

David Cordero ◽

Irrintzi Ibarrola ◽

Carlos Saavedra

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Manila Clam ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Individual Growth Rate

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A Deadly Cargo: Gene Repertoire of Cytotoxic Effector Proteins in the Camelidae

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12020304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 304

Author(s):

Ján Futas ◽

Jan Oppelt ◽

Pamela Anna Burger ◽

Petr Horin

Keyword(s):

Cytotoxic T Cells ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Target Cells ◽

Gene Repertoire ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Bactrian Camels ◽

Pore Forming Proteins ◽

Sequence Similarities ◽

Cytotoxic Effector

Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells can kill target cells based on their expression and release of perforin, granulysin, and granzymes. Genes encoding these molecules have been only poorly annotated in camelids. Based on bioinformatic analyses of genomic resources, sequences corresponding to perforin, granulysin, and granzymes were identified in genomes of camelids and related ungulate species, and annotation of the corresponding genes was performed. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to study evolutionary relationships between the species analyzed. Re-sequencing of all genes in a panel of 10 dromedaries and 10 domestic Bactrian camels allowed analyzing their individual genetic polymorphisms. The data showed that all extant Old World camelids possess functional genes for two pore-forming proteins (PRF1, GNLY) and six granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, and GZMO). All these genes were represented as single copies in the genome except the GZMH gene exhibiting interspecific differences in the number of loci. High protein sequence similarities with other camelid and ungulate species were observed for GZMK and GZMM. The protein variability in dromedaries and Bactrian camels was rather low, except for GNLY and chymotrypsin-like granzymes (GZMB, GZMH).

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