scholarly journals Life history in a model system: opening the black box withArabidopsis thaliana

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jessica E. Metcalf ◽  
Thomas Mitchell-Olds
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Model System

scholarly journals Tribolium beetles as a model system in evolution and ecology

Heredity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Pointer ◽  
Matthew J. G. Gage ◽  
Lewis G. Spurgin
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life History ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Model System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reverse Genetic ◽  
Ecological Understanding ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Valuable Complement ◽  
Historical Contribution

AbstractFlour beetles of the genusTriboliumhave been utilised as informative study systems for over a century and contributed to major advances across many fields. This review serves to highlight the significant historical contribution thatTriboliumstudy systems have made to the fields of ecology and evolution, and to promote their use as contemporary research models. We review the broad range of studies employingTriboliumto make significant advances in ecology and evolution. We show that research usingTriboliumbeetles has contributed a substantial amount to evolutionary and ecological understanding, especially in the fields of population dynamics, reproduction and sexual selection, population and quantitative genetics, and behaviour, physiology and life history. We propose a number of future research opportunities usingTribolium, with particular focus on how their amenability to forward and reverse genetic manipulation may provide a valuable complement to other insect models.

scholarly journals Facultative sex and reproductive strategies in response to male availability in the spiny stick insect, Extatosoma tiaratum

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Schneider ◽  
Mark A. Elgar
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Model System ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Reproductive State

Facultative thelytoky, in which females can reproduce both sexually and asexually, offers a promising model system to understand the evolutionary significance of sex, by providing insights into whether the different reproductive modes reflect an adaptive life-history response to varying environmental conditions. Females of the spiny stick insect, Extatosoma tiaratum, can reproduce both sexually or asexually. We show that virgin females signal their reproductive state: males respond to signals produced by virgin females that have not commenced ovipositing, but fail to respond to ovipositing virgin females. Virgin females reared under different social environments varied their reproductive output: virgin females reared in the absence of males laid more eggs over a seven-day period than virgin females reared in the presence of males. The reproductive output of mated females over a seven-day period was higher than that of virgin females. These data suggest that female E. tiaratum adjust several life-history strategies in conjunction with facultative thelytoky.

Epididymosomes: the black box of Darwin’s pangenesis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Nejabati ◽  
Vahideh Shahnazi ◽  
Yousef Faridvand ◽  
Nazila Fathi-Maroufi ◽  
Zahra Bahrami-Asl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Black Box ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
External Information ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Attractive Candidate

Abstract Darwin, in the pangenesis theory, imagined particles, named as ‘gemmules’, which are released from all (‘pan’) cells of the body. By cell–cell communication and also circulation through the body, they finally reach the germ cells to participate in the generation (‘genesis’) of the new individual. It has been shown that circulatory exosomes are affected by environmental stressors and they can reach the parental germ cells. Therefore, in the mirror of his theory, circulatory exosomes could interact with epididymosomes: epididymis-derived exosomes which have a wide spectrum of variation in content and size, are very sensitive to environmental stressors, and may be involved in translating external information to the germ cells. The protein and RNA cargo would be transferred by epididymosomes to sperm during sperm maturation, which would be then delivered to the embryo at fertilization and inherited by offspring. Therefore, in this study, we will briefly discuss Darwin’s pangenesis theory and its possible relation with epididymosomes. We believed that epididymosomes could be considered as an attractive candidate for the storage of RNA contents, changing the epigenome of the next generations, and allowing the reappearance acquired characteristics of ancestors. Therefore, epididymosomes, as a black box of Darwin’s pangenesis, may unravel parental life history and also disclose the historical events that affect the life of offspring.

scholarly journals Experimental evolution of viruses: Microviridae as a model system

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1552) ◽  
pp. 2495-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly A. Wichman ◽  
Celeste J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Model System ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Small Genome ◽  
Evolution Of Viruses ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Whole Genomes

φX174 was developed as a model system for experimental studies of evolution because of its small genome size and ease of cultivation. It has been used extensively to address statistical questions about the dynamics of adaptive evolution. Molecular changes seen during experimental evolution of φX174 under a variety of conditions were compiled from 10 experiments comprising 58 lineages, where whole genomes were sequenced. A total of 667 substitutions was seen. Parallel evolution was rampant, with over 50 per cent of substitutions occurring at sites with three or more events. Comparisons of experimentally evolved sites to variation seen among wild phage suggest that at least some of the adaptive mechanisms seen in the laboratory are relevant to adaptation in nature. Elucidation of these mechanisms is aided by the availability of capsid and pro-capsid structures for φX174 and builds on years of genetic studies of the phage life history.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Model Curah Hujan Dengan Struktur Model Linier Dan Estimasi Parameter Dengan Algorithma Quadrad Terkecil

ELKHA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ade Elbani
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
Model System ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Box Model ◽  
Model Parameter

Abstract– Curah hujan dari waktu kewaktu tidak lagi menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang linier, yakn imemiliki periode yang sangat tidak menentu. Hal ini terjadi juga ada hubungan dengan kondisi alam yang menyebabkan perubahan ekosistem, sehingga mengakibatkan proses penguapan maupun kondensasi uap terganggu. Untuk melakukan perkiraan terhadap cuaca yang akan datang, maka terlebih dahulu dilakukan Pemodelan. Untuk pemodelan system dilakukan secara penurunan matematika kan sangat sulit, dan banyak elemen yang terabaikan, terutama elemen nonlinier, sehingga hasil dari model tersebut, masih kurang begitu efektif guna diterapkan langsung dilapangan. Selain metoda tersebut, ada metoda pemodelan lain,yaitu metoda identifikasi. Metoda ini akan memodelkan sistem secara keseluruhan, baik elemen linier maupun nonlinier yang kesemuaitu dianggap menjadi satu kesatuan sistem yang terpadu (black box). Metoda ini akan menggunakan pasangan data masukan dan keluaran system secaranyata. Pada pemodelan sistem ini akan menggunakan struktur model linier akan merepresentasi sistem secara linier. Akan diambil data sampel curah hujan selama sepuluh tahun terakhir dari Stasiun BMKG Rahadi Oesman Ketapang, sebagai referensi proses pemodelan, yaitu dengan pendekatan struktur model nonlinier,yaitu pendekatan model Hammerstein, serta parameter estimai dengan menggunakan algorithma kuadrat terkecil (least square). Dari model yang diperoleh, akan diperoleh model parameter serta struktur model yang optimal, sehingga diperoleh model system yang baik, selanjutnya bisa dipergunakan untuk keperluan lain, misalnya untuk memperkirakan curah hujan yang akan dating. Keywords-   SistemIdentifikasi, black box, Model Linier, Algorithma least square

Interrelationships of factors of social development are more complex than Life History Theory predicts

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Behavioral Features

Abstract Life History Theory (LHT) predicts a monotonous relationship between affluence and the rate of innovations and strong correlations within a cluster of behavioral features. Although both predictions can be true in specific cases, they are incorrect in general. Therefore, the author's explanations may be right, but they do not prove LHT and cannot be generalized to other apparently similar processes.

A Protozoan Model for Golgi-Associated Calcification

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
D. C. Williams ◽  
D. E. Outka
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Model System ◽  
Sequential Formation

Many studies have shown that the Golgi apparatus is involved in a variety of synthetic activities, and probably no Golgi product is more elaborate than the scales produced by various kinds of phytoflagellates. The formation of calcified scales (coccoliths, Fig. 1,2) of the coccolithophorid phytoflagellates provides a particularly interesting model system for the study of biological mineralization, and the sequential formation of Golgi products.The coccoliths of Hymenomonas carterae consist of a scale-like base (Fig. 2 and 4, b) with a highly structured calcified (CaCO3) rim composed of two distinct elements which alternate about the base periphery (Fig. 1 and 3, A, B). Each element is enveloped by a sheath-like organic matrix (Fig. 3; Fig. 4, m).

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