A Dynamic, Multi-Level Model of Culture: From the Micro Level of the Individual to the Macro Level of a Global Culture

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Erez ◽  
Efrat Gati
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Religiousness and existential insecurity: A cross-national comparative analysis on the macro- and micro-level

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Höllinger ◽  
Johanna Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Cross National

In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Dalton ◽  
Alix Van Sickle ◽  
Steven Weldon
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Protest Activity

Political protest is seemingly a ubiquitous aspect of politics in advanced industrial societies, and its use may be spreading to less developed nations as well. Our research tests several rival theories of protest activity for citizens across an exceptionally wide range of polities. With data from the 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we demonstrate that the macro-level context – levels of economic and political development – significantly influences the amount of popular protest. Furthermore, a multi-level model examines how national context interacts with the micro-level predictors of protest activity. The findings indicate that contemporary protest is expanding not because of increasing dissatisfaction with government, but because economic and political development provide the resources for those who have political demands.

How Macroeconomics Lost the Complexity Vision

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Colander ◽  
Roland Kupers
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

This chapter tells the story of how macroeconomics developed as a separate field in an attempt to add aspects of complexity to the standard model with the aim of improving policy advice, but how those aspects of complexity were quickly lost it again. Instead of dealing with the macro economy as a complex system, macro economists focused on dotting is and crossing ts. The chapter begins by clarifying the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics. Microeconomics builds a theory up from the individual elements—from the micro level to the macro level. It starts from assumptions of rational individuals and then analyzes how they would coordinate their actions, and what role the state should play in that coordination. Macroeconomics developed as a separate branch of economics when J. M. Keynes’s work was integrated into formal models in the 1930s and 1940s.

scholarly journals Using a Micro-Level Model to Generate a Macro-Level Model of Productive Successful Aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. M. Johnson ◽  
Natalia Sarkisian ◽  
John B. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Successful Aging ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Micro Level

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL DAN ORGANIZATIONAL UNLEARNING: PROPOSISI HUBUNGAN MODERASI CROSS-LEVEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Henri Dwi Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
To Receive

Unlearning stripped result old learning to give space for new information and new attitude. Unlearning is undoubtedly for individu or organization to receive new knowledge (herdberg,1981), increase innovation performance (pighin &Marzona,2011) and increase the company abbility to facing  crisis (Starbuck, 1995), this article give six preposision that connect the literature from micro level and macro level use the mediation variable, multi level moderation to explain the fenomena in organizational behavior that don’t have enough support in empirical, individual and organizational unlearning.

PART II: Ethics, Environment, and Migration: Immigration and the Ethics of Choice

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Distance ◽  
The State ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Know How ◽  
Ethical Discourse ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

This paper begins by developing a language for ethical discourse on immigration and then examining the extent to which choices may be made at the micro-level and at the macro-level. States and individuals are examined as actors who are variously described as making choices or being choiceless. The concepts of cultural distance, reciprocity, the role of the individual and of the state and their interrelationships are evaluated in the perspective of choice. Whether an ethics of immigration can be successfully developed hinges on the degree of choice that individuals and states have or perceive themselves to have. How sad and fraught with trouble is the state of those who yearly emigrate in bodies to America for the means of living…. It is, indeed, piteous that so many unhappy sons of Italy, driven by want to seek another land, should encounter ills greater than those from which they would fly…. When they reach the lands for which they are destined, ignorant as they are of the language and the place, and hired out for daily labor, they fall into the hands of the dishonest, and even into the snares of those powerful men to whom they enslave themselves. (Pope Leo XIII, 1888) You shall not oppress an alien. You well know how it feels to be an alien since you were once aliens yourselves in the land of Egypt. (Ex 23:9)

Modeling Carrier Interactions in an International Freight Transport System

2018 ◽  
pp. 234-263
Author(s):  
Hyangsook Lee ◽  
Maria Boile ◽  
Sotirios Theofanis
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Services ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Optimal Service ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multimodal Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freight Transportation Networks ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Ocean Carriers

This paper presents a novel multi-level hierarchical approach which models carrier interactions in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, land carriers and port terminal operators are considered. Port terminal operators, providing transportation services within a port complex, are regarded as a special type of the carrier, based on their behavior. The carriers make pricing and routing decisions at different parts of the multimodal network, having hierarchical relationships. Ocean carriers are regarded as the leaders in a maritime shipping market. Port terminal operators are the followers of ocean carriers as well as the leaders of land carriers. The individual carrier problem is formulated at each level using Nash equilibrium to find the optimal service charge and routing pattern for which each carrier obtains the greatest profit. Interactions among different types of carriers are captured in a three-level model. The concept of multi-leader-follower game is applied to a multi-level game. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of the developed three-level model.

scholarly journals Factors influencing time allocation of sport event volunteers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Hallmann ◽  
Paul Downward ◽  
Geoff Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sport Event Volunteers

Purpose Given the increasing demands placed on a sport event workforce in servicing the needs of spectators, to attract and recruit volunteers to the industry, it is important for sport event managers to know what is driving how much time volunteers allocate to an event. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the individual and macro-level factors influencing the allocation of time to volunteer at sport events. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected from volunteers at 25 sport events (n=2,303). Multi-level modelling was used to identify common effects controlling for event differences. Findings Male gender significantly influences time allocated to an event at the individual level. At the macro-level, the number of local inhabitants has a significant negative effect whereas the status of an international event and duration contribute positively to time allocation. Research limitations/implications The results provide clear evidence that macro-level variables can stimulate interest in event volunteering opportunities. Originality/value This paper uses a multi-level approach to assess the influence of micro- and macro-level variables on time allocation by sport event volunteers. Using this approach, event heterogeneity can be controlled.

scholarly journals Translingual Events

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Helgesson ◽  
Christina Kullberg
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
South African ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Literary Reading ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
African Writer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Point Of Departure

Abstract This article outlines a theory of world literary reading that takes language and the making of boundaries between languages as its point of departure. A consequence of our discussion is that world literature can be explored as uneven translingual events that make linguistic tensions manifest either at the micro level of the individual text or at the macro level of publication and circulation—or both. Two case studies exemplify this. The first concerns an episode in the institutionalization of Shakespeare as a global canonical figure in 1916, with a specific focus on the South African writer Sol Plaatje’s Setswana contribution to A Book of Homage to Shakespeare. The second case discusses how Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) evokes the bodily and affective charge of boundary-making by troubling the border between Haitian and Dominican speech.

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