Modeling Carrier Interactions in an International Freight Transport System

This paper presents a novel multi-level hierarchical approach which models carrier interactions in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, land carriers and port terminal operators are considered. Port terminal operators, providing transportation services within a port complex, are regarded as a special type of the carrier, based on their behavior. The carriers make pricing and routing decisions at different parts of the multimodal network, having hierarchical relationships. Ocean carriers are regarded as the leaders in a maritime shipping market. Port terminal operators are the followers of ocean carriers as well as the leaders of land carriers. The individual carrier problem is formulated at each level using Nash equilibrium to find the optimal service charge and routing pattern for which each carrier obtains the greatest profit. Interactions among different types of carriers are captured in a three-level model. The concept of multi-leader-follower game is applied to a multi-level game. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of the developed three-level model.

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The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s000712340999038x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 51-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 192

Author(s):

Russell Dalton ◽

Alix Van Sickle ◽

Steven Weldon

Keyword(s):

Political Development ◽

Political Protest ◽

Wide Range ◽

Level Model ◽

Micro Level ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Developed Nations ◽

Industrial Societies ◽

Protest Activity

Political protest is seemingly a ubiquitous aspect of politics in advanced industrial societies, and its use may be spreading to less developed nations as well. Our research tests several rival theories of protest activity for citizens across an exceptionally wide range of polities. With data from the 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we demonstrate that the macro-level context – levels of economic and political development – significantly influences the amount of popular protest. Furthermore, a multi-level model examines how national context interacts with the micro-level predictors of protest activity. The findings indicate that contemporary protest is expanding not because of increasing dissatisfaction with government, but because economic and political development provide the resources for those who have political demands.

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Explaining individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment using a multi-level model: evidence from 35 Eurasian countries

South East European Journal of Economics and Business ◽

10.1515/jeb-2017-0017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 61-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Besnik A. Krasniqi ◽

Colin C. Williams

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

State Intervention ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Country Level ◽

Younger Age ◽

Marginalised Groups ◽

Level Model ◽

Model Evidence ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Individual

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment. To analyse whether it is marginalised groups who are more likely to engage in unregistered employment and explain the country-level variations, a 2010 Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) involving 38,864 interviews in 35 Eurasian countries is reported. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals that younger age groups, the divorced, and those with fewer years in education, are more likely to be unregistered employed. On a country-level, meanwhile, the prevalence of unregistered employment is strongly associated with tax morale; the greater the asymmetry between informal and formal institutions, the greater is the prevalence of unregistered employment. It is also higher when GDP per capita as well as social distribution and state intervention (subsidies and transfers, social contribution expenditure, health expenditure) are lower. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.

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ANALYZING THE RENT-TO-PRICE RATIO FOR THE HOUSING MARKET AT THE MICRO-SPATIAL SCALE

International Journal of Strategic Property Management ◽

10.3846/ijspm.2018.1416 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 223-233

Author(s):

Changro LEE ◽

Keyho PARK

Keyword(s):

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Price Ratio ◽

Property Market ◽

Individual Property ◽

Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽

The Hierarchical Structure ◽

Level Model ◽

Multi Level ◽

The One ◽

The Individual

The rent-to-price ratio is one of the popular indicators for monitoring the property market. This study explores micro-scale spatial dynamics of the ratio for houses at the individual property level in Seoul, South Korea. We match the apartment unit sold and the one leased based on the carefully chosen criteria and apply a Bayesian multi-level modeling approach to this matched dataset. We employ the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) algorithm in order to estimate relevant parameters in the multi-level model. The ratio determinants found in the study include property age, apartment unit area, interest rate, and floor. This study also presents the importance of taking into account the hierarchical structure of apartment units, as well as seasonal and spatial variations when estimating the ratio and predicting future trends in the property market based on the ratio.

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Development and evaluation of a three-dimensional multi-level model for visualising the workflow composite score in a health IT benchmark

Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics ◽

10.5430/jbei.v2n2p83 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Johannes Thye ◽

Ursula Hübner ◽

Matthias-Christopher Straede ◽

Jan-David Liebe

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Composite Score ◽

Health It ◽

Information Logistics ◽

Different Types ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Level Model ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Individual

Background: Clinical information logistics is the backbone of care workflows inside and outside of hospitals. Due to the great potential of health IT to support clinical processes its contribution needs to be regularly monitored and governed. IT benchmarks are a well-known instrument to optimise the availability and use of IT by guiding the decision making process. The aim of this study was to translate IT benchmarking results that were grounded on a hierarchical workflow scoring system into an appropriate visualisation concept. Methods: To this end, a three-dimensional multi-level model was developed, which allowed the decomposition of the highly aggregated workflow composite score into score views for the individual clinical workflows concerned and for the descriptors of these workflows. Furthermore this multi-level model helped to break down the score views into single and multiple indicator views. Results: The results could be visualised per hospital in comparison to the results of organisations of similar size and ownership (peer reference groups) and in comparison to different types of innovation adopters. The multi-level model was implemented in a benchmark of 199 hospitals and evaluated by the chief information officers. The evaluation resulted in high ratings for the comprehensibility of the different types of views of the scores and indicators. Conclusions: The implementation of the multi-level model in a large benchmark of hospitals proved to be feasible and useful in terms of the overall structure and the different indicator views. There seems to be a preference for less complex and familiar views.

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Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.176.3.243 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 176 (3) ◽

pp. 243-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

Jim Van Os ◽

Ger Driessen ◽

Nicole Gunther ◽

Philippe Delespaul

Keyword(s):

Marital Status ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Neighbourhood Environment ◽

Case Register ◽

Individual Level ◽

Single Person ◽

Level Model ◽

Multi Level ◽

Independent Effects ◽

The Individual

BackgroundNeighbourhood characteristics may influence the risk of psychosis, independently of their individual-level equivalents.AimsTo examine these issues in a multi-level model of schizophrenia incidence.MethodCases of schizophrenia, incident between 1986 and 1997, were identified from the Maastricht Mental Health Case Register. A multi-level analysis was conducted to examine the independent effects of individual-level and neighbourhood-level variables in 35 neighbourhoods.ResultsIndependent of individual-level single and divorced marital status, an effect of the proportion of single persons and proportion of divorced persons in a neighbourhood was apparent (per 1% increase respectively: RR=1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03; and RR=1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.2.1). Single marital status interacted with the neighbourhood proportion of single persons, the effect being stronger in neighbourhoods with fewer single-person households.ConclusionsThe neighbourhood environment modifies the individual risk for schizophrenia. Premorbid vulnerability resulting in single marital status may be more likely to progress to overt disease in an environment with a higher perceived level of social isolation.

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A Dynamic, Multi-Level Model of Culture: From the Micro Level of the Individual to the Macro Level of a Global Culture

Applied Psychology ◽

10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00190.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 583-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 228

Author(s):

Miriam Erez ◽

Efrat Gati

Keyword(s):

Macro Level ◽

Global Culture ◽

Level Model ◽

Micro Level ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Individual

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Relationship between Source of Destination Information and Satisfaction on a Destination: Multi Level Model Analysis

International Journal of Tourism Management and Sciences ◽

10.21719/ijtms.32.4.14 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 253-270

Author(s):

Jo-A Juan

Keyword(s):

Model Analysis ◽

Level Model ◽

Multi Level

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Study on Pramana Shareera in relation to Prakriti

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i3.8211 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rajendra Pai N. ◽

U. Govindaraju

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Characteristic Property ◽

The Body ◽

Artificial Limbs ◽

Body Parts ◽

Unit Of Measurement ◽

The Individual ◽

Different Parts

Ayurveda in its principle has given importance to individualistic approach rather than generalize. Application of this examination can be clearly seem like even though two patients suffering from same disease, the treatment modality may change depending upon the results of Dashvidha Pariksha. Prakruti and Pramana both used in Dashvidha Pariksha. Both determine the health of the individual and Bala (strength) of Rogi (Patient). Ayurveda followed Swa-angula Pramana as the unit of measurement for measuring the different parts of the body which is prime step assessing patient before treatment. Sushruta and Charaka had stated different Angula Pramana of each Pratyanga (body parts). Specificity is the characteristic property of Swa-angula Pramana. This can be applicable in present era for example artificial limbs. A scientific research includes collection, compilation, analysis and lastly scrutiny of entire findings to arrive at a conclusion. Study of Pramana and its relation with Prakruti was conducted in 1000 volunteers using Prakruti Parkishan proforma with an objective of evaluation of Anguli Pramana in various Prakriti. It was observed co-relating Pramana in each Prakruti and Granthokta Pramana that there is no vast difference in measurement of head, upper limb and lower limb. The observational study shows closer relation of features with classical texts.

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