The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Dalton ◽  
Alix Van Sickle ◽  
Steven Weldon
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Protest Activity

Political protest is seemingly a ubiquitous aspect of politics in advanced industrial societies, and its use may be spreading to less developed nations as well. Our research tests several rival theories of protest activity for citizens across an exceptionally wide range of polities. With data from the 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we demonstrate that the macro-level context – levels of economic and political development – significantly influences the amount of popular protest. Furthermore, a multi-level model examines how national context interacts with the micro-level predictors of protest activity. The findings indicate that contemporary protest is expanding not because of increasing dissatisfaction with government, but because economic and political development provide the resources for those who have political demands.

Modeling Carrier Interactions in an International Freight Transport System

2018 ◽  
pp. 234-263
Author(s):  
Hyangsook Lee ◽  
Maria Boile ◽  
Sotirios Theofanis
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Services ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Optimal Service ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multimodal Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freight Transportation Networks ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Ocean Carriers

This paper presents a novel multi-level hierarchical approach which models carrier interactions in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, land carriers and port terminal operators are considered. Port terminal operators, providing transportation services within a port complex, are regarded as a special type of the carrier, based on their behavior. The carriers make pricing and routing decisions at different parts of the multimodal network, having hierarchical relationships. Ocean carriers are regarded as the leaders in a maritime shipping market. Port terminal operators are the followers of ocean carriers as well as the leaders of land carriers. The individual carrier problem is formulated at each level using Nash equilibrium to find the optimal service charge and routing pattern for which each carrier obtains the greatest profit. Interactions among different types of carriers are captured in a three-level model. The concept of multi-leader-follower game is applied to a multi-level game. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of the developed three-level model.

scholarly journals Religiousness and existential insecurity: A cross-national comparative analysis on the macro- and micro-level

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Höllinger ◽  
Johanna Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Cross National

In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

scholarly journals Explaining individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment using a multi-level model: evidence from 35 Eurasian countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besnik A. Krasniqi ◽  
Colin C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Model Evidence ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment. To analyse whether it is marginalised groups who are more likely to engage in unregistered employment and explain the country-level variations, a 2010 Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) involving 38,864 interviews in 35 Eurasian countries is reported. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals that younger age groups, the divorced, and those with fewer years in education, are more likely to be unregistered employed. On a country-level, meanwhile, the prevalence of unregistered employment is strongly associated with tax morale; the greater the asymmetry between informal and formal institutions, the greater is the prevalence of unregistered employment. It is also higher when GDP per capita as well as social distribution and state intervention (subsidies and transfers, social contribution expenditure, health expenditure) are lower. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE RENT-TO-PRICE RATIO FOR THE HOUSING MARKET AT THE MICRO-SPATIAL SCALE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Changro LEE ◽  
Keyho PARK
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The rent-to-price ratio is one of the popular indicators for monitoring the property market. This study explores micro-scale spatial dynamics of the ratio for houses at the individual property level in Seoul, South Korea. We match the apartment unit sold and the one leased based on the carefully chosen criteria and apply a Bayesian multi-level modeling approach to this matched dataset. We employ the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) algorithm in order to estimate relevant parameters in the multi-level model. The ratio determinants found in the study include property age, apartment unit area, interest rate, and floor. This study also presents the importance of taking into account the hierarchical structure of apartment units, as well as seasonal and spatial variations when estimating the ratio and predicting future trends in the property market based on the ratio.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of a three-dimensional multi-level model for visualising the workflow composite score in a health IT benchmark

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Johannes Thye ◽  
Ursula Hübner ◽  
Matthias-Christopher Straede ◽  
Jan-David Liebe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Health It ◽  
Information Logistics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual

Background: Clinical information logistics is the backbone of care workflows inside and outside of hospitals. Due to the great potential of health IT to support clinical processes its contribution needs to be regularly monitored and governed. IT benchmarks are a well-known instrument to optimise the availability and use of IT by guiding the decision making process. The aim of this study was to translate IT benchmarking results that were grounded on a hierarchical workflow scoring system into an appropriate visualisation concept. Methods: To this end, a three-dimensional multi-level model was developed, which allowed the decomposition of the highly aggregated workflow composite score into score views for the individual clinical workflows concerned and for the descriptors of these workflows. Furthermore this multi-level model helped to break down the score views into single and multiple indicator views. Results: The results could be visualised per hospital in comparison to the results of organisations of similar size and ownership (peer reference groups) and in comparison to different types of innovation adopters. The multi-level model was implemented in a benchmark of 199 hospitals and evaluated by the chief information officers. The evaluation resulted in high ratings for the comprehensibility of the different types of views of the scores and indicators. Conclusions: The implementation of the multi-level model in a large benchmark of hospitals proved to be feasible and useful in terms of the overall structure and the different indicator views. There seems to be a preference for less complex and familiar views. 

scholarly journals Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Van Os ◽  
Ger Driessen ◽  
Nicole Gunther ◽  
Philippe Delespaul
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Case Register ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundNeighbourhood characteristics may influence the risk of psychosis, independently of their individual-level equivalents.AimsTo examine these issues in a multi-level model of schizophrenia incidence.MethodCases of schizophrenia, incident between 1986 and 1997, were identified from the Maastricht Mental Health Case Register. A multi-level analysis was conducted to examine the independent effects of individual-level and neighbourhood-level variables in 35 neighbourhoods.ResultsIndependent of individual-level single and divorced marital status, an effect of the proportion of single persons and proportion of divorced persons in a neighbourhood was apparent (per 1% increase respectively: RR=1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03; and RR=1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.2.1). Single marital status interacted with the neighbourhood proportion of single persons, the effect being stronger in neighbourhoods with fewer single-person households.ConclusionsThe neighbourhood environment modifies the individual risk for schizophrenia. Premorbid vulnerability resulting in single marital status may be more likely to progress to overt disease in an environment with a higher perceived level of social isolation.

scholarly journals Discursive Technologies of Self-Designing Personality

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-383
Author(s):  
Natalia Chepeleva ◽  
Svitlana Rudnytska
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Symbolic Forms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hermeneutic Approach ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semiotic Process

The article presents and analyzes a three-level model of a self-designing personality (“plagiarist”, “reader”, “author”) and describes the psychological characteristics of the subject of self-designing on each of them. In the optics of the psycho-hermeneutic approach, the conception of discursive technology as a communicative- and -semiotic process is proposed. The process provides storage, accumulation, transformation, translation and retranslation of the value-semantic resource incorporated into certain sign-symbolic forms, in particular, in a wide range of sociocultural and personal texts. It is shown that discursive technologies at each of the selected self-designing levels have an expressed specificity, due to the methods of the individual experience organizing, the text objectification of this experience, sense-formation strategies and understanding procedures. The basic discursive technology at the level of "plagiarist" is the statement. The technology of transition to the “reader” level is an informational dialogue, in the process of which the topic of statements is explicated, which, in turn, starts the process of structuring, framing the individual “vital material” and creating narrative constructs. The narrative becomes the main discursive technology of the personality at the “reader” level. To go to the optional “author” level a personality has to master the technology of semantic dialogue, during which the creation of auto-narratives takes place. At the “author” level, thanks to a certain value-semantic “logic” of the auto-narratives integration into a single semantic whole, a personality vital product is born. The leitmotif appears the backbone of the product, as well as the means of navigation of the personality within it. It is generalized that the discursive technologies of personality self-designing are directed to the thematic organization of life situations at the “plagiarist” level; the space-and-time and cause-and-effect structuring of life events at the “reader” level; value- and-semantic integration of the life history at the “author” level.

Modeling Carrier Interactions in an International Freight Transport System

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyangsook Lee ◽  
Maria Boile ◽  
Sotirios Theofanis
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Services ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Optimal Service ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freight Transportation Networks ◽  
Ocean Carriers

This paper presents a novel multi-level hierarchical approach which models carrier interactions in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, land carriers and port terminal operators are considered. Port terminal operators, providing transportation services within a port complex, are regarded as a special type of the carrier, based on their behavior. The carriers make pricing and routing decisions at different parts of the multimodal network, having hierarchical relationships. Ocean carriers are regarded as the leaders in a maritime shipping market. Port terminal operators are the followers of ocean carriers as well as the leaders of land carriers. The individual carrier problem is formulated at each level using Nash equilibrium to find the optimal service charge and routing pattern for which each carrier obtains the greatest profit. Interactions among different types of carriers are captured in a three-level model. The concept of multi-leader-follower game is applied to a multi-level game. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of the developed three-level model.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

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