Similarity of poetic rhythms with different amounts of semantic content-stress ratings and pairwise similarity ratings

1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENA LINDE
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Pairwise Similarity ◽  
Similarity Ratings

Individual Differences in Metacognitive Decision Making and Situation Assessment

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 878-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat-Anthony Federico
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Event Sequence ◽  
Pairwise Similarity ◽  
Situation Assessment ◽  
Scaling Solution ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Tactical Decision ◽  
Naval Officers

28 senior naval officers (experts) and 48 junior naval officers (novices) (1) categorized tactical situations, (2) performed pairwise similarity ratings of them, and (3) represented their metacognitive models of tactical decision making as graphic weighted networks. Multidimensional scaling was conducted employing subjects’ pairwise similarity ratings of tactical situations. Using classification measures and multidimensional weights as dependent variables and salient metacognitive link weights as independent variables, two one-way multivariate analyses of covariance between experts and novices and associated statistics were computed. Some of the results of canonical and regression analyses and product-moment correlations validated an important aspect of a metacognitive model of naturalistic schema-driven tactical decision making. They established significant associations of the two link weights connecting event sequence and similarity recognition to situation assessment with actual performances on the two experimental tasks requiring situation assessment. These findings demonstrated (1) the importance of event sequence and similarity recognition as necessary input to situation assessment, and (2) these two metacognitive links are significantly associated with the recognition of similar scenarios. Experts and novices did not differ significantly in (1) the number of categories, scenarios per category, and times to classify the tactical situations during sorting and resorting, and (2) their derived weights along the two dimensions, warfare tempo and reaction time, of the multidimensional scaling solution.

Deriving Menu Structures through Modal Block Clustering: A Promising Alternative to Hierarchical Techniques

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-351
Author(s):  
Mark S. Shurtleff ◽  
Joseph A. Jenkins ◽  
Michelle R. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Pairwise Similarity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Menu System ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Block Clustering ◽  
Current Systems

Modal block clustering (MBC) is proposed as an approach more suited to the derivation of menu structures than hierarchical clustering techniques. Problems with the application of hierarchical techniques and pairwise similarity ratings (PWSR) from which the clusters are derived are discussed. MBC defines clusters based on the pattern of common command attributes and provides an objective way to determine the composition and number of menu panels to include in a menu structure. The method also objectively defines command redundancy for the menu panels. The method of MBC was applied to the 97 commands that comprise the CMS operating system resulting in 17 menu categories. The menu categories were used to design a help menu system. The MBC procedure provides a viable methodology for complex systems, such as CMS, which derive increased functionality from numerous command options. System designers can fruitfully and efficiently apply this methodology both to current systems and to proposed systems for which there are no expert users.

scholarly journals Exemplar learning reveals the representational origins of expert category perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (20) ◽  
pp. 11167-11177
Author(s):  
Elliot Collins ◽  
Marlene Behrmann
Keyword(s):  
Training Task ◽  
Pairwise Similarity ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Search Training ◽  
Category Exemplars ◽  
Previous Category ◽  
Distance Change ◽  
Exemplar Learning

Irrespective of whether one has substantial perceptual expertise for a class of stimuli, an observer invariably encounters novel exemplars from this class. To understand how novel exemplars are represented, we examined the extent to which previous experience with a category constrains the acquisition and nature of representation of subsequent exemplars from that category. Participants completed a perceptual training paradigm with either novel other-race faces (category of experience) or novel computer-generated objects (YUFOs) that included pairwise similarity ratings at the beginning, middle, and end of training, and a 20-d visual search training task on a subset of category exemplars. Analyses of pairwise similarity ratings revealed multiple dissociations between the representational spaces for those learning faces and those learning YUFOs. First, representational distance changes were more selective for faces than YUFOs; trained faces exhibited greater magnitude in representational distance change relative to untrained faces, whereas this trained–untrained distance change was much smaller for YUFOs. Second, there was a difference in where the representational distance changes were observed; for faces, representations that were closer together before training exhibited a greater distance change relative to those that were farther apart before training. For YUFOs, however, the distance changes occurred more uniformly across representational space. Last, there was a decrease in dimensionality of the representational space after training on YUFOs, but not after training on faces. Together, these findings demonstrate how previous category experience governs representational patterns of exemplar learning as well as the underlying dimensionality of the representational space.

An Empirical Examination of Metacognitive Models of Situation Assessment

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat-Anthony Federico
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Pairwise Similarity ◽  
Situation Assessment ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Scaling Solution ◽  
Similarity Ratings ◽  
Tactical Decision ◽  
Naval Officers

This research questioned whether participants' metacognitive models of abstract cognitive components of situation assessment were correlated with performance on concrete experimental tasks necessitating situation assessment. In this experiment, 76 naval officers were asked to (a) represent as graphic weighted networks their metacognitive models of schema-driven tactical decision making, for which situation assessment is crucial, and (b) perform experimental tasks requiring categorizing and pairwise similarity ratings of tactical situations. Canonical, regression, and correlation analyses and multidimensional scaling established that 2 of 4 metacognitive link weights were significantly associated with (a) 3 of 6 measures of sorting performance and (b) 1 of 2 dimensions derived for the scaling solution of pairwise similarity ratings. These results partially supported what was theorized regarding individuals' metacognitive models and sorting and pairwise performance.

A Longitudinal Posthumous Study of Letter Writing in a Late Elderly Case

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Angel Ball ◽  
Jean Neils-Strunjas ◽  
Kate Krival
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Elderly Woman ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Letter Writing ◽  
Linguistic Performance ◽  
Errors Analysis ◽  
Normal Status

This study is a posthumous longitudinal study of consecutive letters written by an elderly woman from age 89 to 93. Findings reveal a consistent linguistic performance during the first 3 years, supporting “normal” status for late elderly writing. She produced clearly written cursive form, intact semantic content, and minimal spelling and stroke errors. A decline in writing was observed in the last 6–9 months of the study and an analysis revealed production of clausal fragmentation, decreasing semantic clarity, and a higher frequency of spelling, semantic, and stroke errors. Analysis of writing samples can be a valuable tool in documenting a change in cognitive status differentiated from normal late aging.

A Developmental Study of Intonation Recognition

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn M. Corlew
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Better Than

Two experiments investigated the information conveyed by intonation from speaker to listener. A multiple-choice test was devised to test the ability of 48 adults to recognize and label intonation when it was separated from all other meaning. Nine intonation contours whose labels were most agreed upon by adults were each matched with two English sentences (one with appropriate and one with inappropriate intonation and semantic content) to make a matching-test for children. The matching-test was tape-recorded and given to children in the first, third, and fifth grades (32 subjects in each grade). The first-grade children matched the intonations with significantly greater agreement than chance; but they agreed upon significantly fewer sentences than either the third or fifth graders. Some intonation contours were matched with significantly greater frequency than others. The performance of the girls was better than that of the boys on an impatient question and a simple command which indicates that there was a significant interaction between sex and intonation.

Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Zurrón ◽  
Marta Ramos-Goicoa ◽  
Fernando Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Incongruent Color ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Temporal Locus

With the aim of establishing the temporal locus of the semantic conflict in color-word Stroop and emotional Stroop phenomena, we analyzed the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonwords, incongruent and congruent color words, colored words with positive and negative emotional valence, and colored words with neutral valence. The incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral stimuli produced interference in the behavioral response to the color of the stimuli. The P150/N170 amplitude was sensitive to the semantic equivalence of both dimensions of the congruent color words. The P3b amplitude was smaller in response to incongruent color words and to positive, negative, and neutral colored words than in response to the congruent color words and colored nonwords. There were no differences in the ERPs induced in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence. Therefore, the P3b amplitude was sensitive to interference from the semantic content of the incongruent, positive, negative, and neutral words in the color-response task, independently of the emotional content of the colored words. In addition, the P3b amplitude was smaller in response to colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence than in response to the incongruent color words. Overall, these data indicate that the temporal locus of the semantic conflict generated by the incongruent color words (in the color-word Stroop task) and by colored words with positive, negative, and neutral valence (in the emotional Stroop task) appears to occur in the range 300–450 ms post-stimulus.

On the Semantic Content of Grammatical Gender and Its Impact on the Representation of Human Referents

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Irmen ◽  
Julia Kurovskaja
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
Masculine Role ◽  
Feminine Role ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Open Question

Grammatical gender has been shown to provide natural gender information about human referents. However, due to formal and conceptual differences between masculine and feminine forms, it remains an open question whether these gender categories influence the processing of person information to the same degree. Experiment 1 compared the semantic content of masculine and feminine grammatical gender by combining masculine and feminine role names with either gender congruent or incongruent referents (e.g., Dieser Lehrer [masc.]/Diese Lehrerin [fem.] ist mein Mann/meine Frau; This teacher is my husband/my wife). Participants rated sentences in terms of correctness and customariness. In Experiment 2, in addition to ratings reading times were recorded to assess processing more directly. Both experiments were run in German. Sentences with grammatically feminine role names and gender incongruent referents were rated as less correct and less customary than those with masculine forms and incongruent referents. Combining a masculine role name with an incongruent referent slowed down reading to a greater extent than combining a feminine role name with an incongruent referent. Results thus specify the differential effects of masculine and feminine grammatical gender in denoting human referents.

Infusions and Fumigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Wilkens
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Point ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Different Types

Written texts, especially sacred texts, can be handled in different ways. They can be read for semantic content; or they can be materially experienced, touched, or even be inhaled or drunk. I argue that literacy ideologies regulate social acceptability of specific semantic and somatic text practices. Drinking or fumigating the Qurʾan as a medical procedure is a highly contested literacy event in which two different ideologies are drawn upon simultaneously. I employ the linguistic model of codeswitching to highlight central aspects of this event: a more somatic ideology of literacy enables the link to medicine, while a more semantic ideology connects the practice to theological discourses on the sacredness of the Qurʾan as well as to the tradition of Prophetic medicine. Opposition to and ridicule of the practice, however, comes from representatives of an ideology of semantic purity, including some Islamic theologians and most Western scholars of Islam. Qurʾanic potions thus constitute an ideal point of entry for analyzing different types of literacy ideologies being followed in religious traditions.

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