MEDICAL ERRORS: ANALYSIS, CAUSES, WARNING

Изучение и совершенствование теории ошибок врачей всегда было важно, а сегодня это стало особенно актуальным. В статье указаны три разные позиции во врачебной среде в отношении ошибок врачей. Показаны последовательные изменения в уголовном кодексе в отношении «причинения вреда здоровью» и тенденция криминализации врачебных ошибок. Приводятся сравнение проблемы ошибок в западных странах и СНГ, и меры контроля ошибок. Аргументируется положение о том, что теория врачебных ошибок - отдельный раздел науки. Указаны причины отсутствия теории врачебных ошибок как отдельной науки. В статье перечислены основные положения разработанного варианта теории ошибок врачей. Studying and improving the theory of doctors' mistakes has always been important, and today it has become especially relevant. The article indicates three different positions in the medical environment regarding the mistakes of doctors. Consistent changes in the Criminal Code in relation to "harm to health" and the tendency to criminalize medical errors are shown. A comparison of the problem of errors in Western countries and the CIS, and error control measures are given. The position that the theory of medical errors is a separate branch of science is argued. The reasons for the absence of the theory of medical errors as a separate science are indicated. The article lists the main provisions of the developed version of the theory of doctors' errors.

Performance evaluation of accelerometers ADXL345 and MPU6050 exposed to random vibrational input

The use of vibration monitors is a well-established practice in industrial maintenance, usually vibration sensors are positioned at specific points on the monitored machinery and data are continuously collected to feed a machine operating health control system. Nevertheless, the technology for obtaining the signal, its treatment and analysis is generally expensive, and the financial return is not evident, which justifies the development of low-cost alternatives technologies. In this work was performed an analysis of the responses of two Micro-Electro-Mechanical accelerometers, models ADXL345 and MPU6050, exposed to a low intensity random signal and standard operating frequency. The objective of the analysis was to verify the capacity of these devices to be used as mechanical vibration sensors for rotating machines. For this purpose, offset shift analyzes of the sensors due to the Earth's gravitational field were performed, as well as vibrational spectrum and rectification errors analysis under multiple conditions. The data pointed to a greater uniformity of the MPU6050 response, while several behavioral anomalies were seen in the ADXL345, when these sensors are exposed to the same mechanical signal. The qualitative and quantitative behavior of MPU6050 rectification error was consistent with reported in the literature. It was noted that the methodology used can profile the behavior of sensors, however, it is not sufficient to safely justify the inaccuracies, requiring that the tests be performed on a statistically representative number of sensors from different manufacturers and batches.

An Errors Analysis in Using Diathesis (態) in Written Text of Japanese Language Department Senior Students at Universities in Medan

The grammatical category that shows the relationship between the subject is diathesis. From the researcher’s observations, it was found that Japanese students used diathesis errors in the city of Medan. Therefore, this study discusses what forms of errors are and how Japanese universities students in Medan make the error in using diathesis forms. The specific purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the forms and patterns of errors in using the diathesis (態/tai) that it becomes a consideration for Japanese language lecturers to provide more effective teaching for Japanese learners, especially universities students in Medan. The types of diathesis sentences analyzed are judoutai (passive diathesis), Shieki (causative), kiboubun (wish form), and jujubun (expression of give-take). This research is descriptive qualitative research with error analysis. The data were sentences using diathesis (tai), sourced from written text made by 30 senior students of the Japanese department at the Universitas Sumatera Utara and the Universitas Harapan Medan. In conclusion, the form of error has been found in passive (受 身), a causative (使役), and the expression of the give-take action (授受表現) diathesis, which is realized grammatically and lexically. Errors include changing verbs, using particles (joshi), and assigning word unit functions to sentences. This study concludes that understanding and practice on the ukemi, shieki, and jujubun diathesis is needed in Japanese language learning among university students in Medan to improve student skills

Removal of Congo Red by Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Fish Bone Powder: Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study

Powdered form of bones of silver carp fish, an available species in Bangladesh, was investigated as a prominent bioadsorbent for the removal of Congo red from synthetic solution. Experiments were conducted in batch process, and a number of influencing parameters, such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial Congo red concentration, were thoroughly investigated for optimization. Kinetic and equilibrium data were well described by pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. Suitability of pseudo-second-order model to best fit with the adsorption process was corroborated by squared sum of errors analysis. Mass transfer mechanism was confirmed by intraparticle pore diffusion and Bangham’s diffusion models. Maximum sorption capacity of fish bone powder was found to be 666.67 mg·g−1. The optimum condition (adsorbent dose: 5 g·L−1; pH: 2.0; operating time: 4 h) for maximum sorption was determined as well. The increasing negative value of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) with temperature rise indicated spontaneous nature and feasibility of adsorption. The positive values of ΔH and ΔS suggested that the adsorption reaction is endothermic and random (at the solid/liquid interface) in nature. The activation energy (29.84 kJ·mol−1) indicated that the sorption process was of physisorption type. A considerably high adsorption capacity pointed towards utilization of this apparently useless biomaterial as an effective adsorbent.

Performance of a machine learning model in recognition of normal tissue from histological sections

Introduction Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) models have been applied in histopathology to solve specific problems like detection of metastasis in lymph nodes and immunohistochemical scoring. We have aimed to develop a machine learning model which can be trained in histopathology from the basics, i.e. identification of normal tissue. We have tried to replicate the process through which a human pathologist learns recognition of normal tissue from histological sections, and evaluate the performance of a machine learning model at this task. Materials and methods A total of 658 histologic images were anonymised, microphotographed at 10x magnification, under the same condition of illumination, with a Magnus DC5 integrated microphotography system. The images were split into two subsets, training (386) and validation (272 images). The images belonged to seven classes of tissue: brain, intestine, kidney, liver, lungs, muscle and skin. Archived material of the hospital were used for the study. A machine learning model using convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed on the Keras platform, using the convolution layers of a pretrained VGG16 model. The model was trained with the training set of images over 10 epochs. After training, performance of the model was assessed on the validation set. Results The model achieved 88.24% accuracy in classifying the images of the validation set. The most frequent errors were met in recognising images of kidney (14 errors, 33.33%). The commonest error was wrongly classifying kidney tissue as liver (07 errors). Analysis of the deeper layers of the neural network revealed specific patterns in images which were wrongly classified. Conclusion The results of the present study indicates that a convolutional neural network might be trained in histology similar to a trainee pathologist. The study represents the first step towards developing a machine learning model as a generalised histopathological image classifier.

SURFACE STRATEGY TAXONOMY: GRAMMATICAL ERRORS ANALYSIS IN THE THIRD-SEMESTER STUDENTS’ DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

English and Indonesian are grammatically different. The difference proves that the rules and the application of grammar are the difficult problems in writing English. Based on previous preliminary research, many Third-Semester students of English Education Study Program had problems using grammar. This is supported by the results of unstructured interviews by researcher against students. Then students made mistakes they cannot correct called errors. As English Education students, they must have good competence in all language skills to become a good English teacher. In the future, students will teach writing effectively if they master the grammatical understanding.This research’s objectives were to find: (1) The the types of grammatical errors based on surface strategy taxonomy found in students’ descriptive essay,(2) The dominant grammatical error based on surface strategy taxonomy found in students’ descriptive essay,(3) The factors causing students made grammatical error in writing descriptive essays.To achieve the objectives, a qualitative method is used. Data collected by observation, interview and documentation from students’ descriptive essay worksheet then analyzed using error analysis.The findings of the research: (1) Grammatical errors are Misformation (3rd Person Singular, Plural, Auxiliary Verb, Dictionaries, Preposition, Conjunction, Pronoun, Singular, Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense), Omission (Simple Present Tense, Agreement, Auxiliary Verb, Plural, Article, Pronoun, Conjunction, Preposition, Adverb), Addition (Simple Additions, Double Marking), Misordering (Adjective, Pronoun, Auxiliary Verb). (2) The dominant grammatical error is Misformation with 47.05% from 170 errors. (3) The factors causing error are Interlingual and Intralingual.

Language Errors in the Warta Kota Daily Newspaper

Various features presented in the newspaper will add information to the reader. With increasing insight every day, they will increasingly be critical of the conditions that occur around found in writing in the newspaper. The language errors that occur are indicative of a lack of understanding of Bahasa. The researcher used a qualitative research approach with a type of descriptive study to be more focused and in accordance with the research objectives. The subject of this research is Warta Kota daily newspaper from October-December 2018 with the object of research being a mistake in various features of Warta Kota daily newspaper. Based on the data, errors analysis based on the largest to the smallest were Morphological errors (34.91%); Syntax error (16.04%); Error of Absorption Element (12.26); Word Writing errors (11.32%); Phonological errors (8.49%); Punctuation Writing Error (6.60%); Particle / Word Selection Writing errors and Word Combined Writing errors (3.77%); Front Word Writing errors (1.89%); and Error in the Use of Letters (0.94%).Keyword: Error Analysis, Newspaper