MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AT EIGHTEEN APPLE ROOTSTOCK PLANTINGS IN THE UNITED STATES

1985 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANE DOUD MILLER ◽  
PAUL A. DOMOTO ◽  
CHRISTOPHER WALKER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Rootstock

scholarly journals (315) Geneva® 935: A New Fire Blight Resistant, Semidwarfing Apple rootstock

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027B-1027
Author(s):  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
James Cummins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
New York State ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Individual Tree

The Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding program, which was initiated in 1968 by Dr. James Cummins and Dr. Herb Aldwinckle of Cornell University and which has been continued as a joint breeding program with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) since 1998, has released a new semi-dwarfing apple rootstock which is named Geneva® 935 or G.935. G.935 (a progeny from a 1976 cross of `Ottawa 3' × `Robusta 5') is a selection that has been widely tested at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, N.Y., in commercial orchards in the United States and at research stations across the United States and Canada. G.935 is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that produces a tree slightly larger than M.26. G.935 is the most precocious and productive semi-dwarf rootstock we have released. It has had similar yield efficiency to M.9 along with excellent fruit size and wide crotch angles. It showed no symptoms of winter damage during the 1994 test winter in N.Y. G.935 is resistant to fire blight and Phytophthora; however. it is susceptible to infestations by woolly apple aphids. G.935 has shown tolerance to replant disease complex in several trials. It has good propagation characteristics in the stool bed and produces a large tree in the nursery. G.935 has better graft union strength than M.9, but will require a trellis or individual tree stake in the orchard to support the large crops when the tree is young. G.935 will be a possible replacement for M.26. Suggested orchards planting densities with this rootstock are 1,500-2,500 trees/ha. It has been released for propagation and sale by licensed nurseries. Liners will be available in the near future.

Mycorrhizal associations of some actinomycete nodulated nitrogen-fixing plants

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (13) ◽  
pp. 1449-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Rose
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Va Mycorrhizal Fungi

Flowering plants that fix atmospheric nitrogen in actinomycete-induced nodules were sampled for mycorrhizal associates. Twenty-five species from seven families (Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Myricaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Elaeagnaceae, and Datiscaceae) were examined. Samples included were from the United States, Japan, and England.Both mycorrhizae and actinomycete-induced nitrogen-fixing nodules were present on: (i) four species of Alnus, (ii) two species of Casuarina, (iii) eight species of Ceanothus, (iv) four species of Myrica, (v) and one species each of Shepherdia, Hippophae, Cercocarpus, Dryas, Purshia, Comptonia, and Datisca. Soil sieving revealed species of the following genera of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi: Gigaspora, Glomus, Acaulospora, Entrophospora, and three undescribed taxa soon to be described. Spores of species in the first three genera of fungi were found most frequently from soil sievings. The VA mycorrhizal fungi exhibited distinct distributional patterns when associated with nonleguminous nitrogen-fixing hosts in different habitats. The ectomycorrhizae were not characterized.

Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat varieties, landraces, and ancestors

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2032-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. D. Hetrick ◽  
G. W. T. Wilson ◽  
T. S. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response

Using mycorrhizal fungi known to colonize wheat, the mycorrhizal dependence of various small grains including modem wheat varieties, primitive wheat lines, and wheat ancestors was studied. With the exception of the United States cultivar Newton and the German cultivars Apollo, Kanzler, and Sperber, dry weight of eight other modern wheats from the United States and Great Britain were increased by 29–100% following inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. All landraces from Asian collections or early introduced American cultivars were also dependent on the symbiosis, with dry weight increases averaging 169 and 55%, respectively. All wheat ancestors of the AA and BB genomes (except Aegilops speltoides) benefitted significantly from the symbiosis, whereas no benefit was observed for ancestors of the DD genome, tetraploid wheats of the AABB or AAGG genomes, or in the hexaploid ancestor Triticum zhukovskyi (AAAAGG genome). These differences in mycorrhizal response of the ancestors, lines, and cultivars were highly correlated with root fibrousness ratings. When the fungi used as a combined inoculum in the previous experiment were inoculated individually onto selected plant species or cultivars, 6 of the 10 isolates stimulated growth of Andropogon gerardii, a highly dependent grass species, and 8 of the 10 stimulated the growth of 'Turkey' wheat. In contrast, none of the isolates positively affected growth of 'Newton' or 'Kanzler' wheat cultivars, and in fact several fungi decreased the biomass produced by these two cultivars. These studies have demonstrated a strong genetic basis for differences in mycorrhizal dependence among cultivars. A trend for greater reliance on the symbiosis in older cultivated wheats than iin wheat ancestors or modern wheats was also observed. The depression in growth associated with certain mycorrhizal fungi and wheat cultivars demonstrates that colonization of roots does not guarantee benefit from the symbiosis. Key words: root fibrousness, growth response, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae.

scholarly journals (314) Geneva® 41: A New Fire Blight Resistant, Dwarf Apple Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027A-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle ◽  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
James Cummins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Cornell University

The Geneva® Apple Rootstock Breeding program initiated in 1968 by Cummins and Aldwinckle of Cornell University and continued as a joint breeding program with the USDA-ARS since 1998, has released a new dwarf apple rootstock named Geneva® 41 or G.41. G.41 (a progeny from a 1975 cross of `Malling 27' × `Robusta 5') is a selection that has been tested at the N.Y. State Agricultural Experiment Station, in commercial orchards in the United States, and at research stations across the United States, Canada, and France. G.41 is a fully dwarfing rootstock with vigor similar to M.9 T337, but with less vigor than M.9 Pajam2. It is highly resistant to fire blight and Phytophthora with no tree death from these diseases in field trials or inoculated experiments. G.41 has also shown tolerance to replant disease. Its precocity and productivity have been exceptional, equaling M.9 in all trials and surpassing M.9 in some trials. It also confers excellent fruit size and induces wide crotch angles in the scion. It appears to be very winter hardy and showed no damage following the test winter of 1994 in New York. Propagation by layering in the stool bed G.41 is not consistent and may require higher layering planting densities or tissue culture mother plants to improve its rooting. G.41 also produces some side shoots in the stool bed. The nursery liners of G.41 produce a smaller tree than G.16 liners, but similar to M.9, which is very acceptable. Unlike G.16, G.41 is not sensitive to latent viruses. G.41 has similar graft union strength to M.9 and requires a trellis or individual tree stake when planted in the orchard. Suggested orchards planting densities with this rootstock are 2,000-4,000 trees/ha. This rootstock has been released for propagation and commercial sale by licensed nurseries.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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