The influence of peripheral afferent signals on the rating of perceived exertion and time to exhaustion during exercise at different intensities

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare physiological factors and cycle characteristics during cross-country (XC) roller-skiing at matched inclines and speeds using the double-poling (DP) and diagonal-stride (DS) sub-techniques in junior female and male XC skiers. Methods Twenty-three well-trained junior XC skiers (11 women, 12 men; age 18.2 ± 1.2 yr.) completed two treadmill roller-skiing tests in a randomized order using either DP or DS. The exercise protocols were identical and included a 5 min warm-up, 4 × 5 min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion, all performed at a 5° incline. Results No significant three-way interactions were observed between sex, submaximal exercise intensity, and sub-technique. For the pooled sample, higher values were observed for DP versus DS during submaximal exercise for the mean oxygen uptake kinetics response time (33%), energy cost (18%), heart rate (HR) (9%), blood lactate concentration (5.1 versus 2.1 mmol·L−1), rating of perceived exertion (12%), and cycle rate (25%), while cycle length was lower (19%) (all P < 0.001). During the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test, peak oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak), peak HR, and peak oxygen pulse were 8%, 2%, and 6% lower, respectively, for DP than DS, with a 29% shorter TTE during DP (pooled data, all P < 0.001). Conclusion In well-trained junior XC skiers, DP was found to exert a greater physiological load than DS during uphill XC roller-skiing at submaximal intensities. During the TTE test, both female and male athletes were able to ski for longer and reached markedly higher $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak values when using DS compared to DP.

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A Systematic Review of Submaximal Cycle Tests to Predict, Monitor, and Optimize Cycling Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0174 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 707-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Benoit Capostagno ◽

Michael I. Lambert ◽

Robert P. Lamberts

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Gross Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Multiple Variables

Finding the optimal balance between high training loads and recovery is a constant challenge for cyclists and their coaches. Monitoring improvements in performance and levels of fatigue is recommended to correctly adjust training to ensure optimal adaptation. However, many performance tests require a maximal or exhaustive effort, which reduces their real-world application. The purpose of this review was to investigate the development and use of submaximal cycling tests that can be used to predict and monitor cycling performance and training status. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and 3 separate submaximal cycling tests were identified from within those 12. Submaximal variables including gross mechanical efficiency, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, lactate, predicted time to exhaustion (pTE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), power output, and heart-rate recovery (HRR) were the components of the 3 tests. pTE, submaximal power output, RPE, and HRR appear to have the most value for monitoring improvements in performance and indicate a state of fatigue. This literature review shows that several submaximal cycle tests have been developed over the last decade with the aim to predict, monitor, and optimize cycling performance. To be able to conduct a submaximal test on a regular basis, the test needs to be short in duration and as noninvasive as possible. In addition, a test should capture multiple variables and use multivariate analyses to interpret the submaximal outcomes correctly and alter training prescription if needed.

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Chocolate Milk as a Post-Exercise Recovery Aid

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.16.1.78 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 78-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Jason R. Karp ◽

Jeanne D. Johnston ◽

Sandra Tecklenburg ◽

Timothy D. Mickleborough ◽

Alyce D. Fly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Fluid Replacement ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Post Exercise Recovery ◽

Single Blind

Nine male, endurance-trained cyclists performed an interval workout followed by 4 h of recovery, and a subsequent endurance trial to exhaustion at 70% VO2max, on three separate days. Immediately following the first exercise bout and 2 h of recovery, subjects drank isovolumic amounts of chocolate milk, fluid replacement drink (FR), or carbohydrate replacement drink (CR), in a single-blind, randomized design. Carbohydrate content was equivalent for chocolate milk and CR. Time to exhaustion (TTE), average heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total work (WT) for the endurance exercise were compared between trials. TTE and WT were significantly greater for chocolate milk and FR trials compared to CR trial. The results of this study suggest that chocolate milk is an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts.

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Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system

South African Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.17159/2413-3108/2008/v20i2a628 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

J Clark

Keyword(s):

Exercise Testing ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Test Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Incremental Exercise ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Collection System ◽

Incremental Exercise Test

Objective. Despite their widespread use in exercise testing, few data are available on the effect of wearing respiratory gas collection (RGC) systems on exercise test performance. Industrial-type mask wear is thought to impair exercise performance through increased respiratory dead space, flow resistance and/or discomfort when compared with RGC facemasks, but whether performance decrements exist for RGC facemask wear versus non-wear is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in incremental exercise test performance with and without a RGC system. Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system Design. Twenty moderately active males (age 21.0 ± 1.9 years; VO2peak 55.9 ± 3.0 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) performed two progressive treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion. In random order subjects ran with (MASK) or without (NO-MASK) a RGC facemask and flow sensor connected to a gas analyzer. Descriptive data (mean ± SD) were determined for all parameters. The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired differences was used to assess mean differences between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Results. Exercise time to exhaustion, peak treadmill speed, peak blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not different (p>0.05) between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Conclusions. Incremental exercise test performance is not adversely affected by RGC and analysis equipment, at least in short duration progressive treadmill exercise. Respiratory gas analysis during exercise testing for diagnostic, performance assessment or training prescription purposes would appear to be unaffected by RGC systems.

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: No Effect on Aerobic Performance, Heart Rate, or Rating of Perceived Exertion in a Progressive Taekwondo-Specific Test

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 958-963

Author(s):

Paulo H.C. Mesquita ◽

Emerson Franchini ◽

Marco A. Romano-Silva ◽

Guilherme M. Lage ◽

Maicon R. Albuquerque

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Direct Current ◽

Effect Size ◽

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

National Level ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Aerobic Performance ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Direct Current Stimulation

Purpose: To investigate the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on the aerobic performance, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of highly trained taekwondo athletes. Methods: Twelve (8 men and 4 women) international/national-level athletes received a-tDCS or sham treatment over the M1 location in a randomized, single-blind crossover design. The stimulation was delivered at 1.5 mA for 15 min using an extracephalic bihemispheric montage. Athletes performed the progressive-specific taekwondo test 10 min after stimulation. HR was monitored continuously during the test, and RPE was registered at the end of each stage and at test cessation. Results: There were no significant differences between sham and a-tDCS in time to exhaustion (14.6 and 14.9, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) and peak kicking frequency (52 and 53.6, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) or in HR (P > .05) and RPE responses (P > .05). Conclusions: Extracephalic bihemispheric a-tDCS over M1 did not influence the aerobic performance of taekwondo athletes or their psychophysiological responses, so athletes and staff should be cautious when using it in a direct-to-consumer manner.

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Oral l-menthol reduces thermal sensation, increases work-rate and extends time to exhaustion, in the heat at a fixed rating of perceived exertion

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-017-3645-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 117 (7) ◽

pp. 1501-1512 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

T. R. Flood ◽

M. Waldron ◽

O. Jeffries

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Work Rate ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion

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The Work Endurance Recovery Method for Quantifying Training Loads in Judo

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0605 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 913-919 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jose Morales ◽

Emerson Franchini ◽

Xavier Garcia-Massó ◽

Mónica Solana-Tramunt ◽

Bernat Buscà ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

A Priori ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Recovery Method ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Judo Athletes ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Purpose:To adapt the work endurance recovery (WER) method based on randori maximal time to exhaustion (RMTE) for combat situations in judo.Methods:Eleven international-standard judo athletes (7 men and 4 women; mean age 20.73 ± 2.49 y, height 1.72 ± 0.11 m, body mass 67.36 ± 10.67 kg) were recruited to take part in the study. All participants performed a maximal incremental test (MIT), a Wingate test (WIN), a Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), and 2 RMTE tests. They then took part in a session at an international training camp in Barcelona, Spain, in which 4 methods of load quantification were implemented: the WER method, the Stagno method, the Lucia method, and the session rating of perceived exertion (RPEsession).Results:RMTE demonstrated a very high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .91), and correlations of the performance tests ranged from moderate to high: RMTE and MIT (r = .66), RMTE and WIN variables (r = .38–.53), RMTE and SJFT variables (r = .74–.77). The correlation between the WER method, which considers time to exhaustion, and the other systems for quantifying training load was high: WER and RPEsession (r = .87), WER and Stagno (r = .77), WER and Lucia (r = .73). A comparative repeated-measures analysis of variance of the normalized values of the quantification did not yield statistically significant differences.Conclusions:The WER method using RMTE is highly adaptable to quantify randori judo sessions and enables one to plan a priori individualized training loads.

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Time to Exhaustion at Continuous and Intermittent Maximal Lactate Steady State During Running Exercise

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0403 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 772-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Naiandra Dittrich ◽

Ricardo Dantas de Lucas ◽

Ralph Beneke ◽

Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Continuous Model ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the time to exhaustion (TE) and the physiological responses at continuous and intermittent (ratio 5:1) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in well-trained runners. Ten athletes (32.7 ± 6.9 y, VO2max 61.7 ± 3.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1) performed an incremental treadmill test, three to five 30-min constant-speed tests to determine the MLSS continuous and intermittent (5 min of running, interspaced by 1 min of passive rest), and 2 randomized TE tests at such intensities. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the changes in physiological variables during the TE tests and between continuous and intermittent exercise. The intermittent MLSS velocity (MLSSint = 15.26 ± 0.97 km/h) was higher than in the continuous model (MLSScon = 14.53 ± 0.93 km/h), while the TE at MLSScon was longer than MLSSint (68 ± 11 min and 58 ± 15 min, P < .05). Regarding the cardiorespiratory responses, VO2 and respiratory-exchange ratio remained stable during both TE tests while heart rate, ventilation, and rating of perceived exertion presented a significant increase in the last portion of the tests. The results showed a higher tolerance to exercising during MLSScon than during MLSSint in trained runners. Thus, the training volume of an extensive interval session (ratio 5:1) designed at MLSS intensity should take into consideration this higher speed at MLSS and also the lower TE than with continuous exercise.

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Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system

South African Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.17159/2078-516x/2008/v20i2a628 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

J Clark

Keyword(s):

Exercise Testing ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Test Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Incremental Exercise ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Collection System ◽

Incremental Exercise Test

Objective. Despite their widespread use in exercise testing, few data are available on the effect of wearing respiratory gas collection (RGC) systems on exercise test performance. Industrial-type mask wear is thought to impair exercise performance through increased respiratory dead space, flow resistance and/or discomfort when compared with RGC facemasks, but whether performance decrements exist for RGC facemask wear versus non-wear is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in incremental exercise test performance with and without a RGC system. Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system Design. Twenty moderately active males (age 21.0 ± 1.9 years; VO2peak 55.9 ± 3.0 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) performed two progressive treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion. In random order subjects ran with (MASK) or without (NO-MASK) a RGC facemask and flow sensor connected to a gas analyzer. Descriptive data (mean ± SD) were determined for all parameters. The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired differences was used to assess mean differences between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Results. Exercise time to exhaustion, peak treadmill speed, peak blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not different (p>0.05) between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Conclusions. Incremental exercise test performance is not adversely affected by RGC and analysis equipment, at least in short duration progressive treadmill exercise. Respiratory gas analysis during exercise testing for diagnostic, performance assessment or training prescription purposes would appear to be unaffected by RGC systems.

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