Chocolate Milk as a Post-Exercise Recovery Aid

Nine male, endurance-trained cyclists performed an interval workout followed by 4 h of recovery, and a subsequent endurance trial to exhaustion at 70% VO2max, on three separate days. Immediately following the first exercise bout and 2 h of recovery, subjects drank isovolumic amounts of chocolate milk, fluid replacement drink (FR), or carbohydrate replacement drink (CR), in a single-blind, randomized design. Carbohydrate content was equivalent for chocolate milk and CR. Time to exhaustion (TTE), average heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and total work (WT) for the endurance exercise were compared between trials. TTE and WT were significantly greater for chocolate milk and FR trials compared to CR trial. The results of this study suggest that chocolate milk is an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts.

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Effect of differential music tempo on post-exercise cardiovascular recovery parameters in hypertensive individuals: a randomised control trial

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep200005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

A.N. Siddiqui ◽

J. Ganai ◽

N. Khan ◽

S. Davari ◽

A. Mujaddadi

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Submaximal Exercise ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Step Test ◽

Randomised Control Trial ◽

Cardiovascular Recovery ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Parasympathetic Reactivation

Hypertensive individuals tend to have autonomic dysfunction indicated by sympathetic dominance or delayed parasympathetic reactivation. A complimentary therapy such as music following exercise is considered to be beneficial in improving autonomic recovery. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of differential music tempo on post-exercise cardiovascular recovery parameters in hypertensive individuals. Thirty hypertensive individuals were recruited for the present study which were randomly allocated to no music (n=10), slow music (n=10) and fast music (n=10) group. Participants in all three groups were subjected to submaximal exercise bout by Harvard step test. The cardiovascular recovery parameters i.e. heart rate recovery (HRR), blood pressure recovery (BPR) and rating of perceived exertion recovery (RPER) were assessed in all three groups after 1 min, 2 min and 3 min following termination of exercise. A significant decline was observed in HRR (P=0.002) and RPER (P=0.008) following exercise in slow music group as compared to fast and no music while no significant differences were observed in BPR between the three groups. The study concluded that music accelerates post-exercise recovery and slow music has greater effect as compared to fast or no music. These findings may have potential implications in the cardiovascular recovery dynamics in hypertensive individuals participating in submaximal exercise.

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The Assessment of a Novel Lower Body Resistance Garment As a Mechanism to Increase the Training Stimulus During Running: a Randomised Cross Over Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-954642/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha M Hoffmann ◽

Isaiah Di Domenico ◽

Paul K Collins

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Stimulus ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Lower Body ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Body Resistance ◽

Perceived Impact ◽

Garment Design ◽

Post Exercise Recovery

Abstract Background: This study examined the physiological and perceived impact of wearing a novel lower body resistance garment during exercise and recovery.Methods: Using a randomised cross over design, 15 recreationally-active males performed 2x10-minute steady-state runs followed by a 10-minute passive recovery with concomitant monitoring of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE; exercise portion only), wearing either the resistance garment (experimental) or running shorts (control).Results: During exercise, V̇O2 and RPE were higher (4.5% and 7.7% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r=0.24, p>0.05; RPE: r=0.32, p>0.05) whilst HR was lower (-0.4%, r=-0.05, p>0.05). During recovery, V̇O2 and HR were lower (4.7% and 4.3% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r=‑0.32, p>0.05; HR: r=-0.27, p>0.05). Conclusions: Though effects were trivial to small, and not statistically significant, these findings provide proof of concept and suggest that this garment design may increase the training stimulus during running and aid post-exercise recovery.

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Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-021-04689-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erik P. Andersson ◽

Irina Hämberg ◽

Paulo Cesar Do Nascimento Salvador ◽

Kerry McGawley

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Submaximal Exercise ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Double Poling ◽

Cross Country

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to compare physiological factors and cycle characteristics during cross-country (XC) roller-skiing at matched inclines and speeds using the double-poling (DP) and diagonal-stride (DS) sub-techniques in junior female and male XC skiers. Methods Twenty-three well-trained junior XC skiers (11 women, 12 men; age 18.2 ± 1.2 yr.) completed two treadmill roller-skiing tests in a randomized order using either DP or DS. The exercise protocols were identical and included a 5 min warm-up, 4 × 5 min submaximal stages, and an incremental test to exhaustion, all performed at a 5° incline. Results No significant three-way interactions were observed between sex, submaximal exercise intensity, and sub-technique. For the pooled sample, higher values were observed for DP versus DS during submaximal exercise for the mean oxygen uptake kinetics response time (33%), energy cost (18%), heart rate (HR) (9%), blood lactate concentration (5.1 versus 2.1 mmol·L−1), rating of perceived exertion (12%), and cycle rate (25%), while cycle length was lower (19%) (all P < 0.001). During the time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test, peak oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak), peak HR, and peak oxygen pulse were 8%, 2%, and 6% lower, respectively, for DP than DS, with a 29% shorter TTE during DP (pooled data, all P < 0.001). Conclusion In well-trained junior XC skiers, DP was found to exert a greater physiological load than DS during uphill XC roller-skiing at submaximal intensities. During the TTE test, both female and male athletes were able to ski for longer and reached markedly higher $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2peak values when using DS compared to DP.

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A Systematic Review of Submaximal Cycle Tests to Predict, Monitor, and Optimize Cycling Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0174 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 707-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Benoit Capostagno ◽

Michael I. Lambert ◽

Robert P. Lamberts

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Gross Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Multiple Variables

Finding the optimal balance between high training loads and recovery is a constant challenge for cyclists and their coaches. Monitoring improvements in performance and levels of fatigue is recommended to correctly adjust training to ensure optimal adaptation. However, many performance tests require a maximal or exhaustive effort, which reduces their real-world application. The purpose of this review was to investigate the development and use of submaximal cycling tests that can be used to predict and monitor cycling performance and training status. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and 3 separate submaximal cycling tests were identified from within those 12. Submaximal variables including gross mechanical efficiency, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, lactate, predicted time to exhaustion (pTE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), power output, and heart-rate recovery (HRR) were the components of the 3 tests. pTE, submaximal power output, RPE, and HRR appear to have the most value for monitoring improvements in performance and indicate a state of fatigue. This literature review shows that several submaximal cycle tests have been developed over the last decade with the aim to predict, monitor, and optimize cycling performance. To be able to conduct a submaximal test on a regular basis, the test needs to be short in duration and as noninvasive as possible. In addition, a test should capture multiple variables and use multivariate analyses to interpret the submaximal outcomes correctly and alter training prescription if needed.

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Psychological Responses to Acute Exercise in Sedentary Black and White Individuals

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.8.7.978 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 978-987 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca E. Hasson ◽

Kirsten E. Granados ◽

David Xavier Marquez ◽

Gary Bennett ◽

Patty Freedson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Mood State ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Psychological Responses ◽

Psychological Determinants ◽

Blacks And Whites

Background:Racial differences in psychological determinants of exercise exist between non-Hispanic blacks (blacks) and non-Hispanic whites (whites). To date, no study has examined racial differences in the psychological responses during and after exercise. The objective of this study was to compare psychological outcomes of single exercise bouts in blacks and whites.Methods:On 3 separate occasions, sedentary black (n = 16) and white (n = 14) participants walked on a treadmill at 75%max HR for 75 minutes. Questionnaires assessing mood, state anxiety, and exercise task self-efficacy were administered before and after each exercise bout. In-task mood and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured every 5 minutes during exercise.Results:Exercise self-efficacy and psychological distress significantly improved in both blacks and whites. However during exercise blacks reported more positive in-task mood and lower RPE compared with whites.Conclusions:These data suggest that racial differences exist in psychological responses during exercise. Further research should confirm these findings in a larger, free-living population.

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The influence of peripheral afferent signals on the rating of perceived exertion and time to exhaustion during exercise at different intensities

Psychophysiology ◽

10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01187.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (9) ◽

pp. 1284-1290 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Flávio O. Pires ◽

Adriano E. Lima-Silva ◽

Rômulo Bertuzzi ◽

Dulce H. Casarini ◽

Maria Augusta P. D. M. Kiss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion

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Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system

South African Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.17159/2413-3108/2008/v20i2a628 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

J Clark

Keyword(s):

Exercise Testing ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Test Performance ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Incremental Exercise ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Collection System ◽

Incremental Exercise Test

Objective. Despite their widespread use in exercise testing, few data are available on the effect of wearing respiratory gas collection (RGC) systems on exercise test performance. Industrial-type mask wear is thought to impair exercise performance through increased respiratory dead space, flow resistance and/or discomfort when compared with RGC facemasks, but whether performance decrements exist for RGC facemask wear versus non-wear is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in incremental exercise test performance with and without a RGC system. Incremental exercise test performance with and without a respiratory gas collection system Design. Twenty moderately active males (age 21.0 ± 1.9 years; VO2peak 55.9 ± 3.0 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) performed two progressive treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion. In random order subjects ran with (MASK) or without (NO-MASK) a RGC facemask and flow sensor connected to a gas analyzer. Descriptive data (mean ± SD) were determined for all parameters. The Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired differences was used to assess mean differences between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Results. Exercise time to exhaustion, peak treadmill speed, peak blood lactate concentration, peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were not different (p>0.05) between MASK and NO-MASK conditions. Conclusions. Incremental exercise test performance is not adversely affected by RGC and analysis equipment, at least in short duration progressive treadmill exercise. Respiratory gas analysis during exercise testing for diagnostic, performance assessment or training prescription purposes would appear to be unaffected by RGC systems.

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: No Effect on Aerobic Performance, Heart Rate, or Rating of Perceived Exertion in a Progressive Taekwondo-Specific Test

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 958-963

Author(s):

Paulo H.C. Mesquita ◽

Emerson Franchini ◽

Marco A. Romano-Silva ◽

Guilherme M. Lage ◽

Maicon R. Albuquerque

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Direct Current ◽

Effect Size ◽

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

National Level ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Aerobic Performance ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Direct Current Stimulation

Purpose: To investigate the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on the aerobic performance, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of highly trained taekwondo athletes. Methods: Twelve (8 men and 4 women) international/national-level athletes received a-tDCS or sham treatment over the M1 location in a randomized, single-blind crossover design. The stimulation was delivered at 1.5 mA for 15 min using an extracephalic bihemispheric montage. Athletes performed the progressive-specific taekwondo test 10 min after stimulation. HR was monitored continuously during the test, and RPE was registered at the end of each stage and at test cessation. Results: There were no significant differences between sham and a-tDCS in time to exhaustion (14.6 and 14.9, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) and peak kicking frequency (52 and 53.6, respectively, P = .53, effect size = 0.15) or in HR (P > .05) and RPE responses (P > .05). Conclusions: Extracephalic bihemispheric a-tDCS over M1 did not influence the aerobic performance of taekwondo athletes or their psychophysiological responses, so athletes and staff should be cautious when using it in a direct-to-consumer manner.

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High tempo music prolongs high intensity exercise

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e6164 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Meaghan E. Maddigan ◽

Kathleen M. Sullivan ◽

Israel Halperin ◽

Fabien A. Basset ◽

David G. Behm

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Peak Power ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Breathing Frequency ◽

Post Exercise ◽

End Point ◽

Exercise Enjoyment

Music has been shown to reduce rating of perceived exertion, increase exercise enjoyment and enhance exercise performance, mainly in low-moderate intensity exercises. However, the effects of music are less conclusive with high-intensity activities. The purpose of this with-participant design study was to compare the effects of high tempo music (130 bpm) to a no-music condition during repeated high intensity cycling bouts (80% of peak power output (PPO)) on the following measures: time to exercise end-point, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, ventilatory kinetics and blood lactate (BL). Under the music condition, participants exercised 10.7% longer (p = 0.035; Effect size (ES) = 0.28) (increase of 1 min) and had higher HR (4%; p = 0.043; ES = 0.25), breathing frequency (11.6%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.57), and RER (7% at TTF; p = 0.021; ES = 1.1) during exercise, as measured at the exercise end-point. Trivial differences were observed between conditions in RPE and other ventilatory kinetics during exercise. Interestingly, 5 min post-exercise termination, HR recovery was 13.0% faster following the music condition (p < 0.05) despite that music was not played during this period. These results strengthen the notion that music can alter the association between central motor drive, central cardiovascular command and perceived exertion, and contribute to prolonged exercise durations at higher intensities along with a quicken HR recovery.

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