Detection of Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus in pepper and tomato by multiplex RT-PCR

Sementes de pimenta (Capsicum baccatum) 'Dedo de Moça' destinadas ao plantio comercial e adquiridas no município de São Paulo, SP, analisadas quanto à presença de vírus, por meio de testes biológicos e sorológicos revelaram-se infetadas por uma estirpe do Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Para confirmar a identidade do isolado, promoveu-se a RT-PCR com oligonucleotídeos que flanqueiam a ORF da capa protéica de espécies do gênero Tobamovirus do subgrupo 1. Os fragmentos de DNA amplificados, quando seqüenciados e comparados com outros isolados de tobamovírus depositados no GenBank, apresentaram valores de identidade de nucleotídeos entre 94 e 100% com outras seqüências de PMMoV, inferiores a 75% para as demais espécies de tobamovírus do subgrupo I (Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato mosaic virus e Odontoglossum ringspot virus) e 65% para os tobamovírus dos subgrupos II e III. O PMMoV-BR revelou 100% de identidade com isolados japoneses, sugerindo que este patógeno pode ter sido introduzido daquele país. A seqüência de aminoácidos deduzidos da capa protéica indicou também, que este isolado não é capaz de quebrar a resistência do gene L3 de Capsicum spp. Fato confirmado pelos sintomas causados nas hospedeiras diferenciais de Capsicum spp., verificando-se que este isolado não foi capaz de infetar plantas de C. chinense (L3) e C. chacoense (L4). Estes resultados confirmaram a importância da caracterização dos isolados de tobamovírus, fundamental para adequação de medidas de controle, principalmente, prevenindo a entrada e posterior disseminação do patógeno em novas áreas de cultivo.

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Caracterização de uma nova estirpe do Tomato mosaic virus isolada de tomateiro no Estado de São Paulo

Fitopatologia Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-41582003000600004 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 602-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Silvia R. Moreira ◽

Marcelo Eiras ◽

Alexandre L.R. Chaves ◽

Silvia R. Galleti ◽

Addolorata Colariccio

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Nicotiana Sylvestris ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Ringspot Virus ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus

Um vírus isolado em Guaratinguetá, SP, de tomateiro (Lycoporsicon esculentum) 'Santa Clara' com sintomas característicos de virose, foi estudado por meio de plantas indicadoras e de hospedeiras diferenciais pertencentes a linhagens homozigotas de tomateiro, ensaios de estabilidade in vitro, purificação, contrastação negativa, testes sorológicos de ELISA-PTA e imunomicroscopia eletrônica, utilizando-se anti-soros contra diferentes vírus do gênero Tobamovirus. O isolado infetou plantas de espécies de amarantáceas, quenopodiáceas e solanáceas. Plantas de Chenopodium amaranticolor reagiram com sintomas locais e sistêmicos; Nicotiana sylvestris e N. rustica reagiram com lesões locais e a linhagem homozigota de tomateiro Tm-2 mostrou-se imune ao vírus. Nas preparações purificadas de contrastação negativa, foram observadas partículas rígidas e alongadas com cerca de 300 nm. O isolado foi identificado como um tobamovírus, com anti-soros contra o Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) e Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). As hospedeiras diferenciais indicaram se tratar de ToMV. Por meio de RT-PCR, com oligonucleotídeos para o gene da capa protéica de espécies do gênero Tobamovirus do subgrupo 1, amplificaram-se fragmentos com 850 pb que foram clonados e seqüenciados. A similaridade de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos deduzidos variou entre 85 e 91% quando a seqüência do ToMV-SP foi comparada com outras sequências de ToMV, 75 e 83% quando comparada com as do TMV e 67 e 72% quando comparada com a do Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). As comparações com outras espécies de tobamovírus apresentaram valores de similaridade inferiores a 65%. Confirmou-se a identidade dos vírus como sendo uma nova estirpe do ToMV.

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First Report of Tobacco mosaic virus in Abutilon theophrasti in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-11-1221b ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (11) ◽

pp. 1221-1221 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. B. Niu ◽

L. Qing ◽

M. Yao ◽

D. F. Wang ◽

J. D. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Shanxi Province ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

One Step

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic), a tall, fecund, self-fertile annual plant in the family Malvaceae, is widely grown in China as a fiber crop and for its medicinal properties. In July of 2008, we observed diffuse chlorotic and necrotic spots on the oldest leaves of velvetleaf plants in the field in Shanxi Province. Sap extracts from six symptomatic plants were tested by direct antigen coated ELISA using polyclonal antibodies specific to Potato virus Y (PVY) and monoclonal antibodies specific to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Five of the six samples were negative for ToMV, CMV, and PVY but positive for TMV. Double-stranded RNA extracted from leaves of the five velvetleaf plants was used as template for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR as described by Krajačića et al. (1) and Li et al. (2) with some modifications. One-step RT-PCR was performed using a Quant One Step RT-PCR Kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH CO., LTD., Beijing, China) with sense (5′-CTGTTTAGCCGGTTTGGT-3′), and antisense (5′-TCCCTTTACGGACATCAC-3′) primers (3) designed to specifically amplify a fragment of the movement protein coding region of TMV. The expected 470-bp fragments were amplified from dsRNA from these five plants and the amplicon from each plant was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. FJ873800). Comparisons of a consensus sequence derived from the five amplicons with the nucleotide sequences available in the NCBI database using BLAST showed 99% identity with TMV from South Korea (GenBank Accession No. AB354955) and Spain (Accession No. AJ308692) and 98% with TMV from China (Accession No. AF165190). The serological, RT-PCR results and sequence data revealed that these velvetleaf plants were infected by TMV. On the basis of the serological analysis and genome sequence comparisons, this isolate was tentatively designated as TMV-Velvetleaf. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV in Abutilon theophrasti Medic in China. References: (1) M. Krajačić et al. J. Chromatogr A. 1144:111, 2007. (2) H. Li et al. Agric. Sci. Chin. 6:86, 2007. (3) Y. B. Niu et al. Chin. Biotechnol. 29:76, 2009.

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Tropical soda apple mosaic virus Identified in Solanum capsicoides in Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-9-1204a ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (9) ◽

pp. 1204-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Adkins ◽

G. McAvoy ◽

E. N. Rosskopf

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Degenerate Primers ◽

Lee County ◽

Cp Gene ◽

Local Lesions ◽

Tropical Soda Apple

Red soda apple (Solanum capsicoides All.), a member of the Solanaceae, is a weed originally from Brazil (3). It is a perennial in southern Florida and is characterized by abundant prickles on stems, petioles, and leaves. Prickles on stems are more dense than those on its larger, noxious weed relative, tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal), and the mature red soda apple fruits are bright red in contrast to the yellow fruits of tropical soda apple (2). Virus-like foliar symptoms of light and dark green mosaic were observed on the leaves of a red soda apple in a Lee County cow pasture during a tropical soda apple survey during the fall of 2004. The appearance of necrotic local lesions following inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc with sap from the symptomatic red soda apple leaves suggested the presence of a tobamovirus. Tropical soda apple mosaic virus (TSAMV), a recently described tobamovirus isolated from tropical soda apple in Florida, was specifically identified by a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (1). An additional six similarly symptomatic red soda apple plants were later collected in the Devils Garden area of Hendry County. Inoculation of N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc with sap from each of these symptomatic plants also resulted in necrotic local lesions. Sequence analysis of the TSAMV coat protein (CP) gene amplified from total RNA by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with a mixture of upstream (SolA5′CPv = 5′-GAACTTWCAGAAGMAGTYGTTGATGAGTT-3′; SolB5′CPv = 5′-GAACTCACTGARRMRGTTGTTGAKGAGTT-3′) and downstream (SolA3′CPvc = 5′-CCCTTCGATTTAAGTGGAGGGAAAAAC-3′; SolB3′CPvc = 5′-CGTTTMKATTYAAGTGGASGRAHAAMCACT-3′) degenerate primers flanking the CP gene of Solanaceae-infecting tobamoviruses confirmed the presence of TSAMV in all plants from both locations. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the 483-bp CP gene were both 98 to 99% identical to the original TSAMV CP gene sequences in GenBank (Accession No. AY956381). TSAMV was previously identified in tropical soda apple in these two locations in Lee and Hendry counties and three other areas in Florida (1). Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products also revealed the presence of Tomato mosaic virus in the plant from Lee County. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of natural TSAMV infection of any host other than tropical soda apple and suggests that TSAMV may be more widely distributed in solanaceous weeds than initially reported. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Plant Dis. 91:287, 2007. (2) N. Coile. Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Div. Plant Ind. Bot. Circ. 27, 1993. (3) U.S. Dep. Agric., NRCS. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center. Baton Rouge, LA. Published online, 2006.

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First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Infecting Tomato Crop in Saudi Arabia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-21-1065-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Sabra ◽

Mohammed Ali Al Saleh ◽

I. M. Alshahwan ◽

Mahmoud A. Amer

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Dark Green ◽

Leaf Symptoms

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most economically important member of family Solanaceae and cultivated worldwide and one of the most important crops in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is screening of the most common viruses in Riyadh region and identified the presence of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in Saudi Arabia. In January 2021, unusual fruit and leaf symptoms were observed in several greenhouses cultivating tomatoes commercially in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Fruit symptoms showed irregular brown spots, deformation, and yellowing spots which render the fruits non-marketable, while the leaf symptoms included mottling, mosaic with dark green wrinkled and narrowing. These plants presented the symptoms similar to those described in other studies (Salem et al., 2015, Luria et al., 2017). A total 45 Symptomatic leaf samples were collected and tested serologically against suspected important tomato viruses including: tomato chlorosis virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato chlorotic spot virus, tomato aspermy virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, tomato black ring virus, tomato ringspot virus, tomato mosaic virus, pepino mosaic virus and ToBRFV using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (LOEWE®, Biochemica, Germany), according to the manufacturers' instructions. The obtained results showed that 84.4% (38/45) of symptomatic tomato samples were infected with at least one of the detected viruses. The obtained results showed that 55.5% (25/45) of symptomatic tomato samples were found positive to ToBRFV, three out of 25 samples (12%) were singly infected, however 22 out of 45 (48.8%) had mixed infection between ToBRFV and with at least one of tested viruses. A sample with a single infection of ToBRFV was mechanically inoculated into different host range including: Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, C. album, C. glaucum, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. benthamiana, N. tabacum, N. occidentalis, Gomphrena globosa, Datura stramonium, Solanum lycopersicum, S. nigrum, petunia hybrida and symptoms were observed weekly and the systemic presence of the ToBRFV was confirmed by RT-PCR and partial nucleotide sequence. A Total RNA was extracted from DAS-ELISA positive samples using Thermo Scientific GeneJET Plant RNA Purification Mini Kit. Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out using specific primers F-3666 (5´-ATGGTACGAACGGCGGCAG-3´) and R-4718 (5´-CAATCCTTGATGTG TTTAGCAC-3´) which amplified a fragment of 1052 bp of Open Reading Frame (ORF) encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). (Luria et al. 2017). RT-PCR products were analyzed using 1.5 % agarose gel electrophoresis. RT-PCR products were sequenced in both directions by Macrogen Inc. Seoul, South Korea. Partial nucleotide sequences obtained from selected samples were submitted to GenBank and assigned the following accession numbers: MZ130501, MZ130502, and MZ130503. BLAST analysis of Saudi isolates of ToBRFV showed that the sequence shared nucleotide identities ranged between 98.99 % to 99.50 % among them and 98.87-99.87 % identity with ToBRFV isolates from Palestine (MK881101 and MN013187), Turkey (MK888980, MT118666, MN065184, and MT107885), United Kingdom (MN182533), Egypt (MN882030 and MN882031), Jordan (KT383474), USA (MT002973), Mexico (MK273183 and MK273190), Canada (MN549395) and Netherlands (MN882017, MN882018, MN882042, MN882023, MN882024, and MN882045). To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of ToBRFV infecting tomato in Saudi Arabia which suggests its likely introduction by commercial seeds from countries reported this virus and spread in greenhouses through mechanical means. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. Keywords: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tomato, ELISA, RT-PCR, Saudi Arabia References: Luria N, et al., 2017. PLoS ONE 12(1): 1-19. Salem N, et al., 2015. Archives of Virology 161(2): 503-506. Fig. 1. Symptoms caused by ToBRFV showing irregular brown spots, deformation, yellowing spots on fruits (A, B, C) and bubbling and mottling, mosaic with dark green wrinkled and narrowing on leaf (D).

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Field Resistance of Transgenic Tomatoes Expressing the Tobacco Mosaic Virus or Tomato Mosaic Virus Coat Protein Genes

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-82-683 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 683 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Patricia R. Sanders

Keyword(s):

Coat Protein ◽

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Virus Coat Protein ◽

Virus Coat ◽

Transgenic Tomatoes

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Natural Occurrence of Viruses in Lycopersicon spp. in Ecuador

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1244c ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (11) ◽

pp. 1244-1244 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Soler ◽

C. López ◽

F. Nuez

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Potato Virus ◽

Potato Virus X ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Single Plant ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Specific Primers ◽

In The Wild

The Andean region is home of important genetic diversity for the genus Lycopersicon. A survey of three asymptomatic populations of L. hirsutum, 17 of L. parviflorum, 188 of L. pimpinellifolium, and four cultivated populations of L. esculentum was made in nine departments of Ecuador. Samples were analyzed serologically for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Tomato chlorosis spot virus (TCSV), and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). Samples positive as determined using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (absorbance values three times higher than negative controls) were analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with virus-specific primers. L pimpinellifolium was the only species of the four found to be infected with viruses. In the department of Manabí, ToMV was detected in 15 of 16 plants from one population, but only a single plant was infected with PepMV. In this department, PepMV was also detected in a single-plant population that corresponded to a volunteer plant found in the wild and TSWV was detected in another plant. In Esmeraldas and Guayas, two single-plant populations were found infected with PepMV and CMV, respectively. TMV, PVY, PVX, GRSV, and TCSV were not detected in this survey. Specific primers were selected for ToMV (To1/To2, genome coordinates 3498-3518/4902-4922, AJ417701), PepMV (Pe1/Pe2 genome coordinates 5030-5050/5913-5935, AJ606359), CMV (Cm1/Cm2 genome coordinates 541-561/1756-1779, D00356), and TSWV (Ts1/Ts2 genome coordinates 4078-4101/4738-4769, AF208498). Amplicons of the expected size were obtained using RT-PCR and then cloned and sequenced. DNA fragments of ToMV, PepMV, and TSWV showed identities greater than 99% with respective sequences in the GenBank database. The highest identity of the CMV DNA fragment was 92% with an isolate from Indonesia (AB042292). The occurrence of viruses such as CMV, ToMV, and TSWV in coastal Ecuador was not surprising. However, infected plants were not found among the samples collected in the departments of Azuay, Carchí, El Oro, Imbabura, Loja, and Pichincha in eastern Ecuador. L. chilense, L. chmielewskii, L. parviflorum, and L. peruvianum were previously reported as natural hosts of PepMV in central and southern Peru (2), and the virus was also detected in L. esculentum in Chile (1). Our results show that PepMV now occurs in wild L. pimpinellifolium populations along the Pacific coast of the South American continent and that it must have efficient means of transmission, although no specific vectors have as yet been identified for this virus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Ecuador and L. pimpinellifolium as a natural host of PepMV. References: (1) M. Muñoz et al. Fitopatología 37:67, 2002. (2) S. Soler et al. J. Phytopathol. 150:49, 2002.

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First Report of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Capsicum chinense in Venezuela

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-1108a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 1108-1108 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Córdoba ◽

A. García-Rández ◽

N. Montaño ◽

C. Jordá

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Seed Transmission ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Capsicum Chinense ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Plant Host ◽

First Report ◽

Coat Protein Region ◽

Pcr Product ◽

First Time

In July 2003, noticeable deformations of leaves were observed on a local variety of Capsicum chinense, also called ‘Aji dulce’, from a pepper plantation located in Venezuela, (Monagas State). ‘Aji dulce’ is a basic ingredient of the Venezuelan gastronomy with an estimated cultivated area of 2,000 ha. The seeds of this local pepper are obtained by the growers who reproduce and multiply their own seeds every year. Seeds of affected plants were sent to our laboratory, and a group of approximately 100 seeds was sown in a controlled greenhouse that belongs to the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain. Three months later, obvious curling and bubbling developed on the leaves of the plants. Extracts of symptomatic plants tested negative for Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV), and Tobacco etch virus (TEV) by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISA) with policlonal antibodies specific to each virus (Loewe Biochemica GMBH, Sauerlach, Germany; Phyto-Diagnostics, INRA, France). Total RNA was isolated from 0.5 g of original seed sent from Venezuela and from 25 samples of leaves of plants grown in the greenhouse with an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, Maryland). The RNA isolated was used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with specific primers for Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) (1) predicted to amplify a 530 bp of the coat protein region. From all samples, a RT-PCR product of the expected size was obtained and then sequenced. BLAST analysis of one sequence (GenBank Accession No. DQ460731) showed high levels of identity with TMGMV isolates, with more than 99% nucleotide identity with the DSMZ PV-112 isolate (GenBank Accession No. AJ429096). The symptomatology observed on pepper plants, the TMGMV RT-PCR assay, and the consensus of sequenced regions with TMGMV lead us to conclude that TMGMV was the causal agent of the diseased C. chinense plants. Although TMGMV has a wide plant host range occurring worldwide (1), to our knowledge, this is not only the first time TMGMV has been detected in Venezuela, but also the first report of TMGMV in C. chinense in Venezuela and the first reliable probe of the TMGMV seed transmission. Reference: (1) J. Cohen et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 138:153, 2001.

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First Report of Tomato mosaic virus on Common Sow Thistle in Iran

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-14-0220-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (8) ◽

pp. 1164-1164 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. S. Hashemi ◽

F. Rakhshandehroo ◽

N. Shahraeen

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Weed Species ◽

First Report ◽

Sonchus Oleraceus ◽

Plant Pathol

The natural incidence of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) from vegetable fields was assessed to determine the role of this weed species as a virus inoculum source. Twenty sow thistle plants with virus-like foliar symptoms including mosaic and malformations were collected from five vegetable fields in Tehran province, Iran, and analyzed by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA for the presence of ToMV, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using specific polyclonal antibodies (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Six out of the 20 sow thistle plants tested by ELISA were infected with ToMV. This virus was detected in three of five vegetable fields surveyed, while CMV and TMV were not detected. Mosaic symptoms were associated with the ToMV infection, similar to those caused by TMV in common sow thistle in Iran (2). Viral infection was confirmed by RT-PCR using previously described specific primers to amplify a region in the coat protein gene of ToMV (3). The RT-PCR resulted in the amplification of an expected fragment of ~480 bp from ToMV-infected but not from healthy plants. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified DNA fragment was purified (GeneJET Gel Extraction Kit, Fermentas, Germany), directly sequenced, and deposited in GenBank as Accession No. KF527464. BLAST analysis showed 95 to 97% and 98 to 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, with comparable sequences of other ToMV isolates (GenBank AF062519, FN985165, GQ280794, and JX857634). Mechanical inoculation of sow thistle plants with sap of symptomatic sow thistles reproduced symptoms of field-infected sow thistles. The presence of ToMV in the inoculated plants was confirmed by ELISA and RT-PCR. This suggested that ToMV could be the causal agent of the disease on sow thistle. In our earlier studies, the distribution and genetic diversity of ToMV isolates infecting vegetable crops and weed plants were studied (1); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of ToMV infecting common sow thistle in Iran. References: (1) V. Aghamohammadi et al. J. Plant Pathol. 95:339, 2013. (2) A. Alishiri et al. Plant Pathol. J. 29:260, 2013. (3) B. Letschert et al. J. Virol. Methods 106:10, 2002.

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