Spain in Europe

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Manuel Medina
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Point

SPAIN IS A EUROPEAN COUNTRY, AT LEAST FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL point of view. Culturally and historically it is part of Western Europe. During most of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century it enjoyed constitutional government in one form or another. The liberal revolution of 1820 was the first outbreak of rebellion against the legitimist order imposed by the Holy Alliance in continental Europe. Men, institutions and parties of the Spanish Republic of 1931–36 were of European stature.

Italy's Late and Unprofitable Forays into Empire

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Western Power ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Venetian Republic

Italy's colonial history is better known for its failures (notably the battle of Adwa, the major defeat of a Western power by an African army in the 19th century) than for its achievements. Italy succeeded in conquering a substantial «empire» only in the 20th century, when the traditional colonial powers were already in retreat1. But this has not always been the case. The Venetian republic successfully ruled for many centuries the first «colonial» empire in Western Europe 2.

From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Federico Albano Leoni ◽  
Francesca M. Dovetto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.

Frei Luís de Sousa d’Almeida Garrett. Pour une approche pragmatique du texte dramatique

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Vlad Dobroiu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

"Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett: a pragmatic analysis of the theatre dialogue. In this article, we analyse, from a pragmatic point of view, the dialogue of the play Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett and its translation made by Maxime Formont at the beginning of the 20th century and published in Livourne. We focus on the strategies used by the participants in the theatre discourse in order to consolidate and sometimes even to renegotiate their interpersonal relationship. Our main interest concerns the use of nouns and pronouns in the 1st Act. For a better understanding of the socio-historical context of this play, we propose a short introduction to the 19th century, in Portugal. We also present and analyse some important para-textual pieces of information that accompany the translation made by Maxime Formont. Keywords: translation, theatre discourse, politeness, pragmatics, Almeida Garrett."

scholarly journals Irrationality as an Attribute of Legal Realism in the Assessments of Russian and Foreign Scientists of the Late 19th – Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers some essential aspects of the genesis of legal realism from the point of view of its philosophical foundations and their transformation in the field of legal knowledge and legal understand-ing. Legal realism, focused on the ontologization of social experience, shifted the attention of legal sci-ence to pragmatic and relativistic methods of analy-sis. As a result of these changes, the principle of knowledge of law was the beginning of irrational-ism, which was manifested in various aspects. The variability of empirical content in the field of legal philosophy was often the reason for refusing to search for regularities in it. In the 19th century, the philosophical attitudes of pragmatism and relativism became the basis for the substantial strengthening of the position of realistic approaches to law. One of the most revealing themes of the use and tenden-tious movement towards the principle of irrational-ism was the category of “normality”.

scholarly journals ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΗ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ. ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΕΣ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ (1829 - ΑΡΧΕΣ 20ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ). ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΑ - ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΙ - ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Μ. ΚΟΝΤΟΓΕΩΡΓΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>While there exists already a voluminous bibliography on the GreekDiaspora in the Danubian Principalities during the 17th-18th centuries, it wasonly recently that interest was focused on the Greek communities, whichflourished in Romania in the period from the signing of the Andrianople Treatyto the 20th century.</p><p>It was during that era that a great number of Greeks, especially from Epirus,Cephallonia and Ithaca, merchants, sailors, artisans, doctors and intellectualsimmigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia. The majority of them established at theDanubian ports, mainly at Braila and Galatz, and were engaged in the vividcommerce between the principalities and Western Europe.</p><p>Notwithstanding the influential role played by the Greeks in the social andeconomic life of Romania, it was only in the Cuza-Era when the Greekcommunities were officialy founded. Probably the nationalistic state policyurged them to define their legal status more explicitly. Moreover, in the secondhalf of the 19th century a great number of churches was built and many schoolswere organized, some subsided by the community authorities, other bybenefactory associations. Furthermore, the fierce antagonism among Greeks,Jews, Austrian and English shipowners did not impede the development of themarine and riverine fleet of the Greek shipowners, while a substantial numberof banks and factories were also owned by members of the communities.</p><p>In the second part of this study are presented the results of our researchmission in various Romanian cities. The aim of our mission was to locatearchival fonds and collections referring to the economic, social, institutional andpolitical history of the Greek Diaspora in Romania. Important collections arebequeathed in the Archives of Bucharest, Galatz and Constantza, while in theArchives of Giurgiu, Tulcea and Craiova the material was less satisfactory.</p>

scholarly journals Russian historian A. L. Pogodin about Polish history and Polish question

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Larisa Arzhakova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Polish Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century

The subjects of the study are works of A. L. Pogodin devoted to the history of Poland, reflected perception of the Polish question by the Russian society. Studying of his polonistic heritage allows us to speak with more confidence about the statement of the Russian historical polonistic in the first quarter of the 20th century, considering that, this problem remains until today debatable and demands amendments. Pogodin’s works have been analyzed from the point of view of both the essence and evolution of the Polish question, as well as those significant changes that occurred not only in the field of historical science, studying the history of Poland, but also the visions of the Russian society on Poland. This study gave the chance to come closer to understanding the Pogodin’s information code in his historical works, which allowing to shake basement of the Russian historical tradition concerning the Polish history of the 19th century.

scholarly journals “I Have an Ideal, it Was Given me: Christ”: Dostoevsky’s Christology in the Context of the Tradition of Moral Interpretation of Dogma

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Gacheva
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Utopian Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

The present article continues a series of studies devoted to the theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the context of the tradition of moral interpretation of dogma, which was developing in Russian thought during the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. The article focuses on Dostoevsky’s Christology, presented through the prism of the idea of transforming dogma into a commandment. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s perception of Christ as the “ideal man in flesh” should be understood not in the context of utopian thought, but as a manifestation of the idea of the deification of man, as expressed in the patristic aphorism: “For the Son of God became man so that we might become God.” Dostoevsky’s polemic with Konstantin Kavelin is discussed from the point of view of the Christological dogma. It is illustrated how the assertion of the equality of the two natures, Divine and human, in Christ affects the anthropology and historiosophy of Dostoevsky. Views of writer’s contemporaries who developed the idea of a moral interpretation of the dogma of the God-man, such as: archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), bishop Ivan (Sokolov), Nikolay Fedorov, archimandrite Antony (Khrapovitsky), Viktor Nesmelov, Sergey Bulgakov are also considered.

scholarly journals The Charter: a plea for tolerance

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-189
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper describes the background of the Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992). To explain why linguistic diversity became an issue in the last decades of the 20th century, the paper goes back to the end of the 18th and the 19th century, a period in which nation building and homogenization were the main political issues in Western Europe. Since language was seen as nation binder language diversity was anathema. This led to language conflicts, which were sought to be solved by means of the Charter that promoted the acceptance of language diversity.

Intermediaries and Local Knowledge in a Changing Political Environment: Complaints from Libya at the Turn of the 20th Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 322-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Sievert
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Local Levels

As historiography on Ottoman Tripolitania and Benghazi focuses mainly on the Italian invasion and on the Sanūsiyya and pays little attention to Ottoman records, studies on political practice and change in that period are rare. However, the special circumstances of that remote and sparsely populated part of the empire enable us to focus on the role of intermediaries and complaints within the imperial framework. Complaints and related correspondence were crucial in the negotiation of order, both from the government’s and from the subjects’ point of view. With the 19th-century reforms, new notions of order emerged, and old notions were modified. The new mode of politics did not, however, consist of immutable prescriptions but could acquire new layers of meaning in a process of translation into the vernacular politics of the Libyan provinces and vice versa. Imperial notions of order were thus read and utilised in various ways. The key interpreters and translators in this process were intermediaries between imperial, provincial and local levels. This contribution suggests to study political communication within the imperial framework by focussing on these intermediaries.


scholarly journals “I Have an Ideal, it Was Given me: Christ”: Dostoevsky’s Christology in the Context of the Tradition of Moral Interpretation of Dogma

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Gacheva
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Utopian Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

The present article continues a series of studies devoted to the theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the context of the tradition of moral interpretation of dogma, which was developing in Russian thought during the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. The article focuses on Dostoevsky’s Christology, presented through the prism of the idea of transforming dogma into a commandment. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s perception of Christ as the “ideal man in flesh” should be understood not in the context of utopian thought, but as a manifestation of the idea of the deification of man, as expressed in the patristic aphorism: “For the Son of God became man so that we might become God.” Dostoevsky’s polemic with Konstantin Kavelin is discussed from the point of view of the Christological dogma. It is illustrated how the assertion of the equality of the two natures, Divine and human, in Christ affects the anthropology and historiosophy of Dostoevsky. Views of writer’s contemporaries who developed the idea of a moral interpretation of the dogma of the God-man, such as: archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), bishop Ivan (Sokolov), Nikolay Fedorov, archimandrite Antony (Khrapovitsky), Viktor Nesmelov, Sergey Bulgakov are also considered.

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