A Religious and Economic Stopover in the Middle of Khorasan-e Razavi

Robat-e Sefid/Bazeh Hur is the name of two modern villages giving the name to a valley located in a strategic geographical point traversed by a main north-south caravan road. Archaeological evidence brought to light the meaning of this valley, in which religious and economic aspects show and testify to development of this region during the Sasanian and early Islamic epochs. They highlight its role as a stopover for caravans in the past as today.

Concern for Dirofilaria immitis and Macrocyclic Lactone Loss of Efficacy: Current Situation in the USA and Europe, and Future Scenarios

Dirofilaria immitis infection is one of the most severe parasitic diseases in dogs. Prevention is achieved by the administration of drugs containing macrocyclic lactones (MLs). These products are very safe and highly effective, targeting the third and fourth larval stages (L3, L4) of the parasite. Until 2011, claims of the ineffectiveness of MLs, reported as “loss of efficacy” (LOE), were generally attributed to owners’ non-compliance, or other reasons associated with inadequate preventative coverage. There was solid argumentation that a resistance problem is not likely to occur because of (i) the great extent of refugia, (ii) the complexity of resistance development to MLs, and (iii) the possible large number of genes involved in resistance selection. Nevertheless, today, it is unequivocally proven that ML-resistant D. immitis strains exist, at least in the Lower Mississippi region, USA. Accordingly, tools have been developed to evaluate and confirm the susceptibility status of D. immitis strains. A simple, in-clinic, microfilariae suppression test, 14-28 days after ML administration, and a “decision tree” (algorithm), including compliance and preventatives’ purchase history, and testing gaps, may be applied for assessing any resistant nature of the parasite. On the molecular level, specific SNPs may be used as markers of ML resistance, offering a basis for the validation of clinically suspected resistant strains. In Europe, no LOE/resistance claims have been reported so far, and the existing conditions (stray dogs, rich wildlife, majority of owned dogs not on preventive ML treatment) do not favor selection pressure on the parasites. Considering the genetic basis of resistance and the epizootiological characteristics of D. immitis, ML resistance neither establishes easily nor spreads quickly, a fact confirmed by the current known dispersion of the problem, which is limited. Nevertheless, ML resistance may propagate from an initial geographical point, via animal and vector mobility, to other regions, while it can also emerge as an independent evolutionary process in a new area. For these reasons, and considering the current chemoprophylaxis recommendations and increasing use of ML endectoparasiticides as a potential selection pressure, it is important to remain vigilant for the timely detection of any ML LOE/resistance, in all continents where D. immitis is enzootic.

Concern for Dirofilaria immitis and Macrocyclic Lactone Loss of Efficacy: Current Situation in the USA and Europe, and Future Scenarios

Dirofilaria immitis infection is one of the most severe parasitic diseases of dogs. Prevention is achieved by the administration of drugs containing macrocyclic lactones (MLs). These products are very safe and highly effective, targeting the third and fourth larval stages (L3, L4) of the parasite. Until 2011, claims of ineffectiveness of MLs, reported as “Lack of Efficacy” (LOE), were generally attributed to owners’ non-compliance, or other reason for inadequate preventative coverage. There was solid argumentation that a resistance problem is not likely to occur because of i) the great extent of refugia, ii) the complexity of resistance development to MLs, and iii) the possible big number of genes involved in resistance selection. Nevertheless, today it is unequivocally proven that ML resistant D. immitis strains exist, at least in the Lower Mississippi region, USA. Accordingly, tools have been developed, to evaluate and confirm the susceptibility status of D. immitis strains. A simple, in-clinic, microfilariae suppression test, 14-28 days after ML administration, and a “decision tree” (algorithm), including compliance and preventatives’ purchase history, and testing gaps, may be applied for assessing any resistant nature of the parasite. On the molecular level, specific SNPs may be used as markers of ML resistance, offering a basis for validation of clinically suspected resistant strains. In Europe, no LOE/resistance claims have been reported so far, and the existing conditions (stray dogs, rich wildlife, majority of owned dogs not on preventive MLs treatment) do not favor selection pressure on the parasites. Considering the genetic basis of resistance and the epizootiological characteristics of D. immitis, ML resistance neither establishes easily nor spreads quickly, a fact confirmed by the current known dispersion of the problem, which is limited. Nevertheless, ML resistance may propagate from an initial geographical point, via animal and vector mobility, to other regions, while it can also emerge as an independent evolutionary process in a new area. For these reasons and considering the current chemoprophylaxis recommendations and increasing use of ML endectoparasiticides as a potential selection pressure, it is important to remain vigilant for timely detection of any ML LOE/resistance, in all continents where D. immitis is enzootic.

The Law in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Early Lessons from Uruguay

The Corona crisis is one of the crises that has engulfed the world and Uruguay and has marked all human beings' death and life. This crisis has many legal, political, social, and economic dimensions and has and will have different consequences in this area. So far in the last two centuries, twelve major epidemics of infectious diseases and fifteen famines, and severe droughts have engulfed our world, but this crisis is "of a different kind." It has been less critical to cover the whole world. Infect millions of people, create new words in cultures, and announce major changes in international relations, politics, law, and the world and country economies. No geographical point is safe from this, and it has a serious impact on human relations. This paper is aimed to study the Uruguayan legal system in the post-Covid-19 world. In this paper, Constitutional, Financial, commercial, Labor, Public, and judicial law is discussed in the light of the Covid-19, and its impacts and strategies to mitigate those impacts are mentioned.

Description of the Intramunicipal Habitat with Significant Concentrations of Foreign Population. The Case of the Province of Málaga (Spain)

The presence of foreigners in the province of Málaga is highly noticeable, especially in specific municipalities such as the city of Málaga, coastal areas, or villages in the Axarquia region. But from a geographical point of view, there are comparatively few investigations dedicated to the definition of the space in which foreign immigrants reside. The aim of this research is to provide a description of the habitats where people who were born abroad tend to concentrate in the province of Málaga. The main novelty of the research is the scale of analysis we have used being intramunicipal, based on Nomenclator statistics. This is especially relevant when we are dealing with small municipalities in some of which the proportion of foreigners is quite high, because it is the only one that allows us to characterise the habitat of the foreigners.

Understanding the Geographical Spread of COVID-19 in Relation with Goods Regional Routes and Governmental Decrees: The Lombardy Region Case Study

In this paper, a preliminary data analytics study on the spread of COVID-19 in Italy and Lombardy Region is reported to understand how the COVID-19 spread from a geographical point-of-view. Understanding the rules followed by the virus in its spread in Italy and Lombardy Region is fundamental to act properly to reduce and isolate the contagious promptly. The paper investigates the possible correlation between the goods and transport routes and the citizen travels with the spread of the COVID-19 from a geographical perspective. Moreover, in the paper, an empirical discussion is reported on how the actions and decrees, which have been imposed by the Italian Government over time, impacted actually on the spread of COVID-19. This discussion can highlight important aspects that can be taken into account in future pandemic waves, to better balance the policies and actions imposed by the Government and by the Regions.

A Geospatial Approach to Enhance Point of the Interest and Tourism Potential Centers in Parner Tehsil in Maharashtra, India

This study aims to identify geographical points of interest and tourism potential in Parner tehsil of Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra and to highlight the attractive tourist destinations and religious places in the region. To the introduced exact situation and importance of many wonderful, useful distinctive places and geographical point of interest in Parner tehsil. This paper is descriptive in nature and qualitative study based on empirical observations. This study based on primary and secondary data. All natural geographical, historical and cultural tourist centers were visited during study period. Parner tehsil is enriched of geographical, historical, and cultural tourism aspects. Suitable maps were prepared with the help of QGIS and ARC MAP software’s for the ease of tourists. Tourist attractions in the tehsil as is, natural beauty, potholes, caves, temples, ideal village, industries, festivals etc. Even though Nighoj potholes and Vadgaon Darya caves are famous geographical destinations but other places are neglected by tourism industry experts. This paper will also become much helpful for planner, tourists, historians, geographers and archeologists to access remote but well known destinations.

BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL JAWA BARAT (BIJB) SEBAGAI HUB LOGISTIK INTERNASIONAL di JAWA BARAT

The aim of this research is to giving an illustrate about the chance of Kertajati Airport as International hub of logistic in West Java. Kertajati Airport which is located in Majalengka one of the distric in West Java, have a good possibility to become a center point for international air traffic and logistic, refer to its strategic location as crossing point for two seaport in Cirebon, Port Muara Jati and Port Patimban. In term of geographical point of view, this should be a good chance for government and authorities to take advantages by managing the operation of those airports: Kertajati, Husein Sastranegara, Halim Perdanakusuma, Soekarno-Hatta and surrounding seaports like Port Muara Jati and Port Patimban in integrated method. The integrated operation which necessarily supported by high accessibility and good infrastructure can generate economic growth indeed by giving opportunity for small and medium enterprises around to increase their products, whether for domestic or international markets. This also can afford escalation on dynamics trades and investments in West Java. Therefore Kertajati Airport could be considered as an alternative solution for traffic jam and over capacity problem, in the context of cargo shipping at Soekarno-Hatta Airport.

The enlightened minds of the pastoral land of Mărginimea Sibiului

This project aims to configure a map of the most important personalities in the Mărginimea Sibiului. The present research presents practically the methodology of all the stages completed. Starting with the selection of information, its organization in tables and up to the geographical representation of the information gathered about intellectuals. The career path of each one is not a complex one, but the idea started from the fact that we wanted to demonstrate how a rural, agrarian area, restricted from a geographical point of view, offered to the national culture several paramount intellectuals such as Ioan Lupaș, Octavian Goga, Emil Cioran, Samuel Micu. Keywords: digital humanities, Airtable, Qgis, database, maps, Google Maps, Transylvania