From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Federico Albano Leoni ◽  
Francesca M. Dovetto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.

Spain in Europe

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Manuel Medina
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Point

SPAIN IS A EUROPEAN COUNTRY, AT LEAST FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL point of view. Culturally and historically it is part of Western Europe. During most of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century it enjoyed constitutional government in one form or another. The liberal revolution of 1820 was the first outbreak of rebellion against the legitimist order imposed by the Holy Alliance in continental Europe. Men, institutions and parties of the Spanish Republic of 1931–36 were of European stature.

scholarly journals SYNCHRONOUS AND DIACHRONIC LANGUAGE RESEARCH (ORIGINS, DIFFERENTIATION, DEVELOPMENT)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
A. Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Study And Teaching ◽  
Statics And Dynamics ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis and description of the formation of diachronic and synchronic linguistics. The birth and formation of the science of language from the standpoint of its synchronicity and diachrony was of great importance for the development of linguistics at the end of the 19th century. and in the 20th century. Starting from Wilhelm von Humboldt and Ferdinand de Saussure, the examination of language in statics and dynamics (language and speech) is intertwined with the study of language in diachronic and synchronic aspects. In modern linguistics, both theoretically and practically in this regard, all written languages have been investigated, therefore the science of language gives an idea of all languages, but with varying degrees of research, primarily of the diachronic aspect.In terms of synchronicity, modern languages have been studied quite deeply and widely, which is confirmed by textbooks and other teaching materials for their study and teaching. In the process of writing the article, methods such as the method of theoretical analysis, the method of linguistic analysis, and the comparative method were used.

Frei Luís de Sousa d’Almeida Garrett. Pour une approche pragmatique du texte dramatique

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Vlad Dobroiu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

"Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett: a pragmatic analysis of the theatre dialogue. In this article, we analyse, from a pragmatic point of view, the dialogue of the play Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett and its translation made by Maxime Formont at the beginning of the 20th century and published in Livourne. We focus on the strategies used by the participants in the theatre discourse in order to consolidate and sometimes even to renegotiate their interpersonal relationship. Our main interest concerns the use of nouns and pronouns in the 1st Act. For a better understanding of the socio-historical context of this play, we propose a short introduction to the 19th century, in Portugal. We also present and analyse some important para-textual pieces of information that accompany the translation made by Maxime Formont. Keywords: translation, theatre discourse, politeness, pragmatics, Almeida Garrett."

scholarly journals Irrationality as an Attribute of Legal Realism in the Assessments of Russian and Foreign Scientists of the Late 19th – Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers some essential aspects of the genesis of legal realism from the point of view of its philosophical foundations and their transformation in the field of legal knowledge and legal understand-ing. Legal realism, focused on the ontologization of social experience, shifted the attention of legal sci-ence to pragmatic and relativistic methods of analy-sis. As a result of these changes, the principle of knowledge of law was the beginning of irrational-ism, which was manifested in various aspects. The variability of empirical content in the field of legal philosophy was often the reason for refusing to search for regularities in it. In the 19th century, the philosophical attitudes of pragmatism and relativism became the basis for the substantial strengthening of the position of realistic approaches to law. One of the most revealing themes of the use and tenden-tious movement towards the principle of irrational-ism was the category of “normality”.

scholarly journals Russian historian A. L. Pogodin about Polish history and Polish question

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Larisa Arzhakova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Polish Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century

The subjects of the study are works of A. L. Pogodin devoted to the history of Poland, reflected perception of the Polish question by the Russian society. Studying of his polonistic heritage allows us to speak with more confidence about the statement of the Russian historical polonistic in the first quarter of the 20th century, considering that, this problem remains until today debatable and demands amendments. Pogodin’s works have been analyzed from the point of view of both the essence and evolution of the Polish question, as well as those significant changes that occurred not only in the field of historical science, studying the history of Poland, but also the visions of the Russian society on Poland. This study gave the chance to come closer to understanding the Pogodin’s information code in his historical works, which allowing to shake basement of the Russian historical tradition concerning the Polish history of the 19th century.

scholarly journals “I Have an Ideal, it Was Given me: Christ”: Dostoevsky’s Christology in the Context of the Tradition of Moral Interpretation of Dogma

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Gacheva
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Utopian Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

The present article continues a series of studies devoted to the theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the context of the tradition of moral interpretation of dogma, which was developing in Russian thought during the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. The article focuses on Dostoevsky’s Christology, presented through the prism of the idea of transforming dogma into a commandment. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s perception of Christ as the “ideal man in flesh” should be understood not in the context of utopian thought, but as a manifestation of the idea of the deification of man, as expressed in the patristic aphorism: “For the Son of God became man so that we might become God.” Dostoevsky’s polemic with Konstantin Kavelin is discussed from the point of view of the Christological dogma. It is illustrated how the assertion of the equality of the two natures, Divine and human, in Christ affects the anthropology and historiosophy of Dostoevsky. Views of writer’s contemporaries who developed the idea of a moral interpretation of the dogma of the God-man, such as: archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), bishop Ivan (Sokolov), Nikolay Fedorov, archimandrite Antony (Khrapovitsky), Viktor Nesmelov, Sergey Bulgakov are also considered.

Intermediaries and Local Knowledge in a Changing Political Environment: Complaints from Libya at the Turn of the 20th Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 322-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Sievert
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Local Levels

As historiography on Ottoman Tripolitania and Benghazi focuses mainly on the Italian invasion and on the Sanūsiyya and pays little attention to Ottoman records, studies on political practice and change in that period are rare. However, the special circumstances of that remote and sparsely populated part of the empire enable us to focus on the role of intermediaries and complaints within the imperial framework. Complaints and related correspondence were crucial in the negotiation of order, both from the government’s and from the subjects’ point of view. With the 19th-century reforms, new notions of order emerged, and old notions were modified. The new mode of politics did not, however, consist of immutable prescriptions but could acquire new layers of meaning in a process of translation into the vernacular politics of the Libyan provinces and vice versa. Imperial notions of order were thus read and utilised in various ways. The key interpreters and translators in this process were intermediaries between imperial, provincial and local levels. This contribution suggests to study political communication within the imperial framework by focussing on these intermediaries.


scholarly journals “I Have an Ideal, it Was Given me: Christ”: Dostoevsky’s Christology in the Context of the Tradition of Moral Interpretation of Dogma

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Anastasia G. Gacheva
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Fyodor Dostoevsky ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Utopian Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Ideal

The present article continues a series of studies devoted to the theology of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the context of the tradition of moral interpretation of dogma, which was developing in Russian thought during the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century. The article focuses on Dostoevsky’s Christology, presented through the prism of the idea of transforming dogma into a commandment. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s perception of Christ as the “ideal man in flesh” should be understood not in the context of utopian thought, but as a manifestation of the idea of the deification of man, as expressed in the patristic aphorism: “For the Son of God became man so that we might become God.” Dostoevsky’s polemic with Konstantin Kavelin is discussed from the point of view of the Christological dogma. It is illustrated how the assertion of the equality of the two natures, Divine and human, in Christ affects the anthropology and historiosophy of Dostoevsky. Views of writer’s contemporaries who developed the idea of a moral interpretation of the dogma of the God-man, such as: archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), bishop Ivan (Sokolov), Nikolay Fedorov, archimandrite Antony (Khrapovitsky), Viktor Nesmelov, Sergey Bulgakov are also considered.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

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