Intermediaries and Local Knowledge in a Changing Political Environment: Complaints from Libya at the Turn of the 20th Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 322-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Sievert
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Local Levels

As historiography on Ottoman Tripolitania and Benghazi focuses mainly on the Italian invasion and on the Sanūsiyya and pays little attention to Ottoman records, studies on political practice and change in that period are rare. However, the special circumstances of that remote and sparsely populated part of the empire enable us to focus on the role of intermediaries and complaints within the imperial framework. Complaints and related correspondence were crucial in the negotiation of order, both from the government’s and from the subjects’ point of view. With the 19th-century reforms, new notions of order emerged, and old notions were modified. The new mode of politics did not, however, consist of immutable prescriptions but could acquire new layers of meaning in a process of translation into the vernacular politics of the Libyan provinces and vice versa. Imperial notions of order were thus read and utilised in various ways. The key interpreters and translators in this process were intermediaries between imperial, provincial and local levels. This contribution suggests to study political communication within the imperial framework by focussing on these intermediaries.


19th and 20th century theories of case

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Spatial Expressions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Federico Albano Leoni ◽  
Francesca M. Dovetto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.

scholarly journals THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF ADMIRATIVENESS IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH AND ENGLISH

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena K. Kuzmina ◽  
Gulnara G. Nazarova ◽  
Lilia R. Nizameeva ◽  
Gérard Broussois
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

The comprehension of admirativeness as an independent category took place relatively recently – at the end of the 20th century. Until now, some scholars have not recognized an independent character of admirative. However, in recent years there has been an increasingly noticeable tendency to recognize the separate role of admirativeness and to indicate that the expression of surprise evoked by unexpected information cannot be combined with similar meanings. At the same time, the ways and degree of expression of admirativeness in different language systems vary significantly. The introduction of such grammatical category as admirativeness and the term “admirative” refers to the second half of the 19th century. In 1879, O. Dozon coined the term in his works on the Albanian language. The choice of this name (Fr. admiratif comes from the verb “to admire”) is determined by the fact that the linguist interpreted the concept as a certain sense of admiration or surprise, often having an ironic character. Further the development of this direction showed that admirative had the meaning of surprise rather than admiration. In this connection, in 1997, S. de Lancey first singled out this concept into a separate grammatical category. The scholar substantiates it by the fact that in a number of languages, such as Korean, Turkish, Tibetan, Dardic, Sanvar, etc., admirative has a separate grammatical expression. The identification of admirativeness as a separate linguistic phenomenon with a number of specific features has been still the subject of controversy among the researchers. Characteristics and distinctive features of admirativeness, allowing for the separation it from other similar categories will be considered later in the paper (Davletbaeva et al., 2013). In his writings, S. de Lancey uses the term “mirative”, thereby excluding its correlation with admiration introduced by O. Dozon from the meaning of the concept, and indicating that its primary function is to convey the subject’s astonishment. To date, the term “mirative” is widely used in English-language grammar. V.A. Plugnyan notes that the use of this term is more grounded from a typological point of view, however, the use of the concept “admirative” is often retained in domestic works (Smagina, 1996).

Marcel Proust : la Berma, figure de l’artiste, figure maternelle

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220
Author(s):  
Mireille Naturel
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Marcel Proust ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Family Matter

"Marcel Proust : The Berma, Actress’ Figure, Motherhood’s Character. La Berma is an actress in Proust’s novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Her main model is Sarah Bernhardt and she has the same beautiful voice, a golden voice. Both of them are famous for their role of Phèdre in Racine’s drama. Theatre represents firstly a family matter and a social challenge. The child discovers theatre outside theatre where he is not allowed to go, that is on posters from the Morris column. And the first approach is semiotic. Theatre is included in narration, through two performances that the hero attends. With them, we have an image of theatre in the 19th century, from a sociological and artistic point of view. In the first one, theatre is considered as a low art and actresses are immoral women. Theatre is a cruel world which leads from glory to death, brings rivalry between actresses. In the latter, theatre is above all a text; Proust is interested in gesture and costume. He is focused on the quality of interpretation in comparison with the role. He shows that interpretation is a real art, which can be compared to painting and music. Keywords: art, gesture, interpretation, verse, voice, Phèdre, Proust, Sarah Bernhardt."

2. From colony to empire to republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Unique Path ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘From colony to empire to republic’ details Brazil’s unique path to statehood and nationhood. Brazil is a relatively recent creation. For more than three centuries, it was a colony of Portugal, and for the first sixty-seven years of its independent history, it was a monarchy and an empire rather than a republic. It is only in the 20th century that Brazil had all three essential components of a modern nation-state. The chapter then considers the role of indigenous groups, the Portuguese, African slaves, and other immigrants—as well as the events of the gold rush in the 1690s and the Paraguay War in the 19th century—in Brazil’s history.

Spain in Europe

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Manuel Medina
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Point

SPAIN IS A EUROPEAN COUNTRY, AT LEAST FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL point of view. Culturally and historically it is part of Western Europe. During most of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century it enjoyed constitutional government in one form or another. The liberal revolution of 1820 was the first outbreak of rebellion against the legitimist order imposed by the Holy Alliance in continental Europe. Men, institutions and parties of the Spanish Republic of 1931–36 were of European stature.

scholarly journals Female Presences in The Cultural Press of The 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Oana-Nicoleta Bartoş-Agavriloaie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The nineteenth century was a time of beginnings for the cultural press, marked by the actions of personalities who actively participated in the development of this field, but often the involvement of women is less valued, compared to that of men. Therefore, we consider opportune a study focused on the cultural-journalistic activity of three remarkable ladies: Maria Rosetti, Sofia Nădejde, Cornelia Morţun, who had an important contribution, not only in terms of the topics they covered, but also through their point of view, reformulating the role of women in that era.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals Poetycka wyspa pokoju: O powstaniu, działalności i światowych aspiracjach arabskiego Stowarzyszenia Apollo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Balwierz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

THE POETIC ISLAND OF PEACE. THE FORMATION, ACTIVITY AND WORD-WIDE ASPIRATIONS OF THE ARABIC APOLLO SOCIETY The object of the book is the presentation of the genesis and activity of the Apollo Society, acting in Egypt within the years 1932-1934 for the benefit of the rebirth of Arabic poetry. Particular attention in this book was paid to the peaceful mission that the society itself selected, and the ideas of brotherhood, cooperation, and international literary exchange – on which it was based. The leading representatives of this group understood the rebirth of Arabic poetry as such an increase of its artistic level that would enable its creators to join the Parnassus of the world poetry, become equal partners alongside the English, French or German poets. They dreamed their poetic works would become the great pride of the Arabs in the international forum. The book presents the various stages of the rebirth of Arabic poetry in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century to the first four decades of the 20th century. Factors that enabled the development of poetry were characterized, the role of the Apollo Society and the monthly review published by it was shown in the history of Arabic literature. The 20s of the 20th

scholarly journals ¿Y después de Sagunto, qué? : las bases del orden restauracionista en Lugo (1875-1881)

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xose R. Veiga Alonso
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Peripheral Point

El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio de las bases políticas y sociales que definen los primeros años de la Restauración en el Lugo decimonónico. En general, los orígenes de la Restauración se han analizado desde una perspectiva centralista que privilegiaba el papel de los políticos actuantes en el centro madrileño. En este artículo, por el contrario, se adopta una visión periférica que concede el protagonismo a los actores locales y provinciales. El estudio del activo papel de los alfonsistas lucences, de la peculiar traducción provincial de las disposiciones renovadores de diputaciones, ayuntamientos y empleados públicos, del papel del gobernador civil siempre muy condicionado por los políticos de la provincia o de los sólidos espacios de poder que se estructuran alrededor de estos poderosos provinciales, define un escenario de cambio muy complejo que en absoluto puede explicarse recurriendo únicamente al análisis de las ordenanzas gubernamentales y al conocimiento del activismo de los políticos capitalinos.The aim of thls investigation is to carry out a study of the social and political basis which define the first years of the Restoration in Lugo in the 19th century. Generally, the origins of the Restoration have been analized from a centralist idea which favoured the role of the politicians settied in the centre of Madrid. On the contrary, in thls article, local and provincial actors are treated as the protagonist from a peripheral point of view. The study of the active parí of the «alfonsistas» of Lugo, the study of the special provincial translation of the renewed ideas of the deputations, counciis and public empioyers, the study of the civil gobernar always condicionated by the provincial politicians and the study of the power arranged around these powerful people, define a very changeable complex stage which can't only be explained from the governmental point of view or from the activist knowledge of the politicians of the capital.

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