Comment on Ronald Dore, ‘Rigidities in the Labour Market’

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Streeck
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
Internal Labour Markets ◽  
Advanced Production ◽  
The Welfare State

AT THE END OF HIS REVIEW OF LABOUR MARKET RIGIDITIES in advanced capitalist societies, Ronald Dore presents us with the classical and highly uncomfortable dilemma between equity and efficiency. There are two kinds of rigidities, he suggests: those that improve economic performance while giving rise to social inequality and societal dualism, and those that promote equity while detracting from efficiency. Unlike neo-classical economics, Dore recognises that to be efficient, advanced production systems require institutions above and beyond the market — such as long-term employment, internal labour markets, and ‘sticky’ mechanisms of wage determination. But these institutions, he insists, are not, or no longer, defensible in terms of the Marshallian tradition of industrial and social citizenship. Social justice and equality, according to Dore, are vested today in a second type of ‘ridigities’ — the redistributive apparatus of the welfare state — which, unlike the first, extracts an ‘efficiency price’ from the economy.

scholarly journals Welfare Sanctions and Deprivation in Germany: Do First Sanctions Lead to Higher Levels of Deprivation Among the Long-Term Unemployed and Recipients of Basic Income Support?

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Paul Severin Löwe ◽  
Stefanie Alexandra Unger
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Employment Agency ◽  
High Data ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract In Germany, as in many other European countries, vast changes in the welfare regime – towards workfare – have taken place. As a central activating element of workfare, sanctions were introduced to take effect by temporarily increasing deprivation through benefit cuts. This paper provides first quantitative insights on the effect of first sanctions on deprivation and contributes to the recent debate on the (un)constitutionality of sanctions, which re-emerged after a verdict of the Federal Constitutional Court, criticizing the lack of knowledge about the effects of sanctions on those affected. We implement a difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach that addresses selection on observables and individual time constant unobserved differences. High data accuracy is ensured by combining the “Panel Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS) with administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency. The results illustrate a slightly higher yet statistically insignificant level of deprivation for first-sanctioned unemployment/basic income recipients compared to non-sanctioned recipients. The results hint in the direction that higher levels of deprivation are not what activates the sanctioned beneficiaries to reintegrate into the labour market. We discuss whether the results imply a significant deviation from the socio-cultural subsistence minimum of sanctioned recipients and a failure of the welfare state.

scholarly journals The Influence of Wage on the Economic Development in Lithuania

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Danilevičienė ◽  
Boguslavas Gruževskis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Standards Of Living

One of the major objective of each country is to ensure the economic development. The ability to set the efficient wage allows to economic development. The systematic researches of different scientists have shown that the wage must be harmoniously related to general trends of economic development. The essence of classical economics is that lower labour costs had a positive impact on the production cost and make the product more competitive. In nowadays, economy a linear relationship occurs only partially. An open labour market, especially in welfare states, and in the long-term perspective low wage inadequate to standards of living often have a negative impact on economic development. Negative factors of economic development and wage non-compliance occurs within the worker goes from national to foreign labour market. The objective of this article is to analyze these trends in general terms with emphasis on the situation in Lithuania, where from 2008–2014 years disproportion between economic development and wage level were the highest among the European Union countries. In the article, also the possibilities of economic development for using the universal progress indicator and features of wage determination are discussed. At the end of the article are concluded, that during the analyzed period (until 2015 year) Lithuania was a country, where economic development has been stopped by the improper wage determination.

The burden of long-term care: how Italian family care-givers become employers

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCA DEGIULI
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
The Welfare State

ABSTRACTIn recent years in Italy, population ageing, rising female labour-market participation, and the restructuring of the welfare state have combined to create increased demand for long-term care services for frail and dependent older people. The rising demand has increasingly been met by immigrant women of different nationalities, and to a lesser extent immigrant men, who are hired to provide individualised care in people's own homes and other private settings. While there have been many studies of this growing phenomenon, very little attention has been paid to the reasons that bring family care-givers to choose this care-support option. To begin to fill the gap, this paper reports the finding of a qualitative study of 26 family members who were caring for a disabled elder. Semi-structured interviews lasting between 60 and 100 minutes and that covered various aspects of long-term care in family households were conducted. The participants' responses indicate that they did not choose immigrant home eldercare assistants solely for economic reasons but also to be consistent with cultural, moral and traditional understandings of family responsibilities and care. They also provide valuable findings and insights into Italian attitudes towards the welfare state and the care-labour market. While the wealthiest respondent declared a clear predilection for the free-market and a desire to bypass the state, the majority of the respondents advocated a stronger role of the welfare state in helping people cope with the increased burden of long-term care.

Recommodification and the Welfare State in Re/Financialised Austerity Capitalism: Further Eroding Social Citizenship?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Fiona Dukelow
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Market Pressures ◽  
Recent Policy ◽  
The Welfare State

This article reviews the recommodification of social policy in the context of financialised austerity capitalism and post-crisis welfare states. It sets out an understanding of recommodification as a multiple set of processes that involve the state in labour market-making, by shaping labour’s ‘saleability’. Under conditions of finance-dominated austerity capitalism, the article argues that recent dynamics of recommodification complicate the long established Piersonian observations. For Pierson, recommodification signifies how elements of the welfare state that shelter individuals from market pressures are dismantled and replaced with measures which buffer their labour market participation. This article examines ways in which recent policy trends in recommodification, whether by incentivising or coercive means, increase exposure to labour market risks and connect with the growing inequalities between capital and labour under post-crisis re/financialised austerity capitalism. This analysis is paired with a synoptic review of recent labour market trends and reforms across the European Union. As recommodification evolves, the insecurity it institutes raises fundamental questions about the underlying nature of social citizenship which are also addressed.

scholarly journals The Danish ‘ghetto initiatives’ and the changing nature of social citizenship, 2004–2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 026101832097850
Author(s):  
Anika Seemann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
State History ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Welfare State

This article critically examines the Danish ‘ghetto initiatives’ of 2004, 2010, 2013 and 2018, with a particular focus on their implications for ‘social citizenship’. Its approach is twofold: firstly, it explores how each of the four major ghetto initiatives constructed ghettos and their residents as a problem for the welfare state, and what policy measures were proposed to address the problems identified. Secondly, it examines the legislative changes that resulted from each of the ghetto initiatives and assesses their implications for social citizenship. In doing so, it relates its findings to the different developmental stages of social citizenship in Danish welfare state history. The article argues that the ghetto initiatives have led to an unprecedented spatialization and ethnicization of social citizenship which mark a radical departure from the guiding principles of post-1945 Danish welfare thought and practice.

scholarly journals Activity Budget Comparisons Using Long-Term Observations of a Group of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care: Implications for Animal Welfare

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2107
Author(s):  
Tim Huettner ◽  
Sandra Dollhaeupl ◽  
Ralph Simon ◽  
Katrin Baumgartner ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Training Performance ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Welfare State

Zoos and aquaria must provide optimal husbandry conditions and the highest welfare standards for their animals. How the welfare state of an animal or a group of animals can be precisely assessed is currently under debate, and new approaches are necessary to reliably evaluate changes in welfare. One particular measure that is easily applicable is behavioral observations. However, for dolphins and other cetaceans under human care, reliable behavior-based measures are rare. Using long-term observations of a group of bottlenose dolphins, we investigate how their activity budgets and different behaviors changed over time and are impacted by construction noise. Additionally, we investigate whether behavioral differences are also reflected in changes in the dolphins’ performance during daily training sessions. Our results show that construction noise significantly alters the dolphins’ behavior. Play behavior decreases during construction periods; most importantly, the frequency of fast swimming activities significantly increased, and at the same time, a decrease in training performance is found. Additionally, inter- and intraindividual behavioral differences are attributed to factors, such as age or weaning. Significant changes in a dolphin’s activity budget can also pose potential welfare concerns. Thus, this study highlights the importance of regularly assessing and analyzing the behavior of dolphins under human care. Behavioral observations are essential welfare indicators and can—when complemented with other measures, such as assessment of training performance—provide zoo staff with important information about each individual’s state of welfare.

scholarly journals ‘We’re Meant to Be Crossing Over … but the Bridge Is broken’: 2020 University Graduates’ Experiences of the Pandemic in Ireland

Young ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 110330882110047
Author(s):  
Virpi Timonen ◽  
Jo Greene ◽  
Ayeshah Émon
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Crossing Over ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Postgraduate Study ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Care Practices

We interviewed university graduates of 2020 in Ireland to understand how the coronavirus pandemic had affected them. Demonstrating a keen awareness of their mental health, participants had adopted self-care practices such as mindfulness. They recounted positive experiences of life in their ‘lockdown homes’ with supportive families. Some were embarking on normative adult pathways sooner than anticipated while others opted for postgraduate study to bide time. Participants reported heightened worry/anxiety and had limited their media use in response. Their plans did not extend beyond the immediate future, reflecting a degree of resignation. The participants accepted the strict constraints associated with pandemic management in Ireland. They did not view themselves as members of a group that was likely to experience the long-term costs of the pandemic but rather were attempting to negotiate their own pathway through labour market uncertainty while also demonstrating high levels of solidarity towards vulnerable groups in society.

Developing twinning cattle for commercial production

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
C. A. Morris ◽  
B. W. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Meat Animal

Long-term selection programs in the United States and New Zealand have developed twinning herds. In Nebraska, the United States Meat Animal Research Centre population had a calving rate of 1.56 per parturition in 2004. They have shown that the location of ovulation has an important effect on the success of pregnancy and that ovulations ≥3 are probably undesirable. These cattle have issues associated with calving difficulty and calf survival, which present challenges for commercial application. Intensive management using existing technology and/or future genetic improvement to address these traits are required to realise the potential benefits to beef production systems.

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