Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment ? a multidisciplinary systematic review

Indoor Air ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Li ◽  
G. M. Leung ◽  
J. W. Tang ◽  
X. Yang ◽  
C. Y. H. Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Airborne Transmission

scholarly journals Role of mechanical ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in buildings

Indoor Air ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 666-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Luongo ◽  
K. P. Fennelly ◽  
J. A. Keen ◽  
Z. J. Zhai ◽  
B. W. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Airborne Transmission

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the role of airborne transmission: a systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Carl J. Heneghan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Spencer ◽  
Jon Brassey ◽  
Annette Plüddemann ◽  
Igho J. Onakpoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Reported Data

Background: Airborne transmission is the spread of an infectious agent caused by the dissemination of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that remain infectious when suspended in the air. We carried out a systematic review to identify, appraise and summarise the evidence from studies of the role of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We searched LitCovid, MedRxiv, Google Scholar and the WHO Covid-19 database from 1 February to 20 December 2020 and included studies on airborne transmission. Data were dual extracted and we assessed quality using a modified QUADAS 2 risk of bias tool. Results: We included 67 primary studies and 22 reviews on airborne SARS-CoV-2. Of the 67 primary studies, 53 (79%) reported data on RT-PCR from air samples, 12 (18%) report cycle threshold values and 18 (127%) copies per sample volume. All primary studies were observational and of low quality. The research often lacked standard methods, standard sampling sizes and reporting items. We found 36 descriptions of different air samplers deployed. Of the 42 studies conducted in-hospital that reported binary RT-PCR tests, 24 (57%) reported positive results for SARs-CoV-2 (142 positives out of 1,403 samples: average 10.1%, range 0% to 100%). There was no pattern between the type of hospital setting (ICU versus non-ICU) and RT-PCR positivity. Seventeen studies reported potential air transmission in the outdoors or in the community, of which seven performed RT-PCR sampling, and two studies reported weak positive RNA samples for 2 or more genes (5 of 125 samples positive: average 4.0%). Ten studies attempted viral culture with no serial passage. Conclusion:  SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected intermittently in the air in various settings. Standardized guidelines for conducting and reporting research on airborne transmission are needed. The lack of recoverable viral culture samples of SARS-CoV-2 prevents firm conclusions from being drawn about airborne transmission.

scholarly journals Tool for Assessing Green Initiatives in Library or Green Initiatives in Library: Formulating an Assessment Tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairul Nazli Razali ◽  
◽  
Farrah Zuhaira Ismail ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Environmental Practice

Amid environmental crisis, the role of built environment sector becomes even more vital as it has a potential to make a significant contribution in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Library specifically, plays a crucial role in supporting the mission of promoting environmental practice. However, limited rating system explicitly for library’s green initiatives makes it challenging for library to implement these initiatives due to lack of proper guidelines. Hence, this study was conducted to examine existing checklists measuring green initiatives in library and to formulate a checklist for assessing green initiatives in library’s facilities. A systematic review was conducted to establish an assessment checklist, in which three existing checklists related to green initiatives in library were compared and referred to. The assessment checklist developed in this study identifies 107 initiatives related to facilities can be implemented by existing libraries in Malaysia. The result of this study serves as a basis for libraries in Malaysia to environmentally improve its facilities.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the role of airborne transmission: a systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Carl Heneghan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Spencer ◽  
Jon Brassey ◽  
Annette Plüddemann ◽  
Igho J. Onakpoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Reported Data

Background: Airborne transmission is the spread of an infectious agent caused by the dissemination of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that remain infectious when suspended in the air. We carried out a systematic review to identify, appraise and summarise the evidence from studies of the role of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We searched LitCovid, MedRxiv, Google Scholar and the WHO Covid-19 database from 1 February to 20 December 2020 and included studies on airborne transmission. Data were dual extracted and we assessed quality using a modified QUADAS 2 risk of bias tool. Results: We included 67 primary studies and 22 reviews on airborne SARS-CoV-2. Of the 67 primary studies, 53 (79%) reported data on RT-PCR air samples, 12 report cycle threshold values and 18 copies per sample volume. All primary studies were observational and of low quality. The research often lacked standard methods, standard sampling sizes and reporting items. We found 36 descriptions of different air samplers deployed. Of the 42 studies conducted in-hospital that reported binary RT-PCR tests, 24 (57%) reported positive results for SARs-CoV-2 (142 positives out of 1,403 samples: average 10.1%, range 0% to 100%). There was no pattern between the type of hospital setting (ICU versus non-ICU) and RT-PCR positivity. Seventeen studies reported potential air transmission in the outdoors or in the community. Seven performed RT-PCR sampling, of which two studies report weak positive RNA samples for 2 or more genes (5 of 125 samples positive: average 4.0%). Ten studies attempted viral culture with no serial passage for viral culture. Conclusion:  SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected intermittently in the air in various settings. Standardized guidelines for conducting and reporting research on airborne transmission are needed. The lack of recoverable viral culture samples of SARS-CoV-2 prevents firm conclusions over airborne transmission.

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

Illustrated Media, the Built Environment and Identity Politics in Fin-de-siècle Catalonia: Printing Images, Making the Nation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-135
Author(s):  
Lucila Mallart
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article explores the role of visuality in the identity politics of fin-de-siècle Catalonia. It engages with the recent reevaluation of the visual, both as a source for the history of modern nation-building, and as a constitutive element in the emergence of civic identities in the liberal urban environment. In doing so, it offers a reading of the mutually constitutive relationship of the built environment and the print media in late-nineteenth century Catalonia, and explores the role of this relation as the mechanism by which the so-called ‘imagined communities’ come to exist. Engaging with debates on urban planning and educational policies, it challenges established views on the interplay between tradition and modernity in modern nation-building, and reveals long-term connections between late-nineteenth-century imaginaries and early-twentieth-century beliefs and practices.

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