Cooperative and Competitive Orientation among Chinese People: Scale Development and Validation

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ping Chen ◽  
Xiaofei Xie ◽  
Shiqing Chang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Competitive Nature ◽  
Practical Implications

Chinese people are known to be strong in dialectical thinking – a cognitive tendency toward the acceptance of contradiction. Based on this finding, we conceptualized cooperative and competitive orientation as two distinct constructs that represent individual beliefs about and attitudes toward the nature of their relationship with others. We hypothesized that as stable individual differences, cooperative and competitive orientation would have differential effects on people's cognition and behaviour. Adopting a contextualization approach to Chinese management research, we developed a seven-item cooperative orientation scale and a six-item competitive orientation scale that demonstrated high reliabilities and validities. A laboratory experiment using the response latency method showed that people scoring higher on cooperative orientation responded significantly faster toward words of a cooperative nature, whereas people scoring higher on competitive orientation responded significantly faster toward words of a competitive nature. A field survey in multiple Chinese organizations further showed that cooperative and competitive orientation had differential effects on employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour beyond the effects of the personality differences. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed in the context of work groups in Chinese organizations and beyond.

scholarly journals A Scripture-Specific Religious Orientation Scale: Development and Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-13
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Khodadady
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Religious Orientation Scale ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Principal Axis Factoring ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Selection Of

Objectives: to develop a novel religious orientation scale based on the Quran and validate it with pre-university students of secondary education Method: All the Quranic ayat which addressed its believers directly regarding their religious orientation were scrutinized in terms of pre-university students’ characteristics, resulting in the selection of 57 upon which a 60-item Quranic Orientation Scale (QOS) was developed. The scale was administered to 1123 students and their responses were subjected to Principal Axis Factoring and Promax with Kaiser Normalization (PKN). Results: Out of 60 items comprising the QOS, 48 loaded acceptably and exclusively on seven rotated factors called believing in holy scriptures,, remembering and seeking Allah, fulfilling Quranic obligations, following Allah confidently, following Quranic instructions, not befriending disbelievers, and informed Quranic struggle. Both the scale and its underlying factors had internal consistency and correlated significantly with each other. Conclusion: The Quran teaches the domain of religious orientation directly to its readers as a hierarchically and culturally independent schema consisting of specific species and genera. Pre-university student, however, not only reduce the domain as regards the number of its constituting species and genera but also develop their own religious families. Going through this process consciously they render their religious orientation a hierarchically and culturally organized schema.

Predicting advertising execution effectiveness: scale development and validation

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arch G. Woodside
Keyword(s):  
High Impact ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Business Journalism ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Influence Behavior

Purpose – This paper aims to present a commentary on the Armstrong et al. (2015) proposals to use checklists of Armstrong’s “advertising principles” to predict the effectiveness of alternative advertising executions and their tests of validity using paired ads with day-after recall scores. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses literature from anecdotal business journalism, cognitive science and behavioral economics that attempt to explain and accurately predict high-impact advertising. The commentary considers the value of using checklists and the relevancy complexity theory for examining whether or not checklists versus other tools are useful for accurately predicting advertising effectiveness. Findings – Anecdotal reports and scientific studies using true experiments support the practical benefits of advertising executives referring to advertising principles in the form of checklists when deciding which advertisement to run. Armstrong, Du, Green and Graefe (ADGG) provide a useful early warning tool that is useful for indicating ads that will not be effective, but their checklist method is unlikely to indicate which ads will have high impact. Researchers and executives should create and test the efficacy of configurations of content and design for identifying highly effective ads; testing should be done in clutter and using behavioroid measures (not seven-point scales); recall measures are inadequate proxies for behavior. Practical implications – By calling attention to the possibilities of using the persuasive advertising principles to test the ability to select specific ads that will most influence behavior such as purchases, ADGG offer a valuable contribution. Too often, advertisers and other decision makers ignore useful readily available information; creating tools useful for improving the quality of decision-making is missing in many marketing management contexts. ADGG indicate that such a tool is possible avoiding ads that are likely to be poor performing, advertising executions. Originality/value – This paper serves to emphasize the substantial value in using rigorous checklists as a step in making complex decisions such as advertising execution selections to avoid undesirable outcomes.

Cognition and attitude of Chinese people toward postdisaster psychological crisis intervention: Scale development and validation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Junli Zhou ◽  
Minxia Xu ◽  
Xiaoyue Li ◽  
Fengqiang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Cognition Scale

Our aim was to develop a scale to measure the cognition and attitude of Chinese people toward postdisaster psychological crisis intervention and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the measure. The study was divided into three stages: (a) Designing the scale items; (b) administering the pilot measure and performing psychometric analysis; (c) implementing administration of the final version of the measure, and performing confirmatory factor analysis with 1,195 participants residing in the Shandong and Sichuan Provinces in China. The Cognition scale contains 15 items in 3 subscales we labeled as theoretical cognition, professional cognition, and objective cognition. The Attitude scale contains 17 items in 3 subscales of obligatory attitude, constructive attitude, and positive attitude. Both scales exhibited adequate validity and internal consistency reliability. The Chinese People's Cognition and Attitude Toward Postdisaster Psychological Crisis Intervention Scale is reliable and valid and can be used by postdisaster aid providers and researchers to assess the cognition and attitude of Chinese people who have experienced a disaster.

scholarly journals Measuring Green Creativity for Employees in Green Enterprises: Scale Development and Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Kaichao Wang ◽  
Zhibin Lu ◽  
Yifei Liu ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Nomological Validity ◽  
Practical Implications

Although employee green creativity is recognized as the key to the innovation in green enterprises, few studies explores the measurement of green creativity for employees. To address the gap, the present study identifies the major dimensions of employee green creativity and develops a comprehensive, reliable, and valid measurement instrument. According to the 4P’s model of creativity, four core dimensions of employee green creativity are identified, namely, green creative motivation, thinking, behavior, and outcome. Strictly adhering to the process of scale development, employee green creativity scale (EGCS) is constructed and validated. We first develop the items of employee green creativity based on literature review and expertise from academics and practitioners. Next, we examine the validation of EGCS through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using a sample from three large-scale green enterprises (N = 460). Further, we also check the nomological validity of EGCS by testing the effects of determinants (e.g., green transformational leadership, shared vision, and green self-efficacy) on employee green creativity using a new sample from another two green enterprises (N = 169). Results reveal that EGCS is a reliable and valid instrument for capturing employee green creativity in multiple contexts. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Embodied Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110598
Author(s):  
Bassam Khoury ◽  
Rodrigo C. Vergara ◽  
Isabel Sadowski ◽  
Christina Spinelli
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Practical Implications

Recently developed mindfulness scales have integrated aspects of the body in measuring mindfulness unlike other established scales. However, these scales focused solely on body awareness and did not embrace all aspects of mindfulness and the body. Specifically, they did not integrate embodiment in mindfulness. The proposed Embodied Mindfulness Questionnaire (EMQ) aims to operationalize the proposed notion of “embodied mindfulness” by grounding it into five dimensions, each representing a set of skills that can be cultivated through training and practice: (a) Detachment from Automatic Thinking, (b) Attention and Awareness of Feelings and Bodily Sensations, (c) Connection with the Body, (d) Awareness of the Mind-Body Connection, and (e) Acceptance of Feelings and Bodily Sensations. The EMQ items were developed through consultations with a panel of eight graduate students and a group of 10 experts in the field. Results from a series of three studies supported the proposed five subscales of EMQ and suggested that these subscales are independent and supported by convergent and discriminant evidence. In addition, results suggested that scores of EMQ subscales are different in terms of sensitivity to mindfulness training or meditation practice and experience. Limitations, as well as theoretical and practical implications of the EMQ subscales, are thoroughly discussed.

Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: Scale development and validation

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110542
Author(s):  
Seungmo Kim ◽  
Jingdong Liu ◽  
Adam Love ◽  
Sanghyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Development And Validation

The purpose of the current study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure organizational citizenship behavior in sport. The current research consisted of a three-stage scale development and validation process: (a) item generation and content validity, (b) construct validity and reliability, and (c) criterion validity. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to generate and analyze scale items. The results of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling revealed appropriate goodness-of-fit indexes for the finalized 22-item scale including five dimensions: bonding, encouraging, helping, community service, and extra work. Finally, correlations between each dimension of organizational citizenship behavior and athlete satisfaction and team commitment confirmed the criterion validity. The newly developed organizational citizenship behavior in Sport Scale is expected to help researchers empirically examine the potential relationships between psychological antecedents and identified dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior in sport as well as provide practical guidance to professionals working with athletes.

Development and Validation of a German Language Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gunnesch-Luca ◽  
Klaus Moser
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
German Language ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract. The current paper presents the development and validation of a unit-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) scale based on the Referent-Shift Consensus Model (RSCM). In Study 1, with 124 individuals measured twice, both an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) established and confirmed a five-factor solution (helping behavior, sportsmanship, loyalty, civic virtue, and conscientiousness). Test–retest reliabilities at a 2-month interval were high (between .59 and .79 for the subscales, .83 for the total scale). In Study 2, unit-level OCB was analyzed in a sample of 129 work teams. Both Interrater Reliability (IRR) measures and Interrater Agreement (IRA) values provided support for RSCM requirements. Finally, unit-level OCB was associated with group task interdependence and was more predictable (by job satisfaction and integrity of the supervisor) than individual-level OCB in previous research.

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