scholarly journals Impact of Low-Pressure UV Lamp on Swimming Pool Water Quality and Operating Costs

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5013
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Włodyka-Bergier ◽  
Tomasz Bergier
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Uv Lamps

UV lamps are being increasingly used in the treatment of swimming pool water, mainly due to their abilities to disinfect and effectively remove chloramines (combined chlorine). However, the application of UV lamps in a closed loop system, such as that in which swimming pool water is treated, creates conditions under which chlorinated water is then also irradiated with UV. Thus, the advanced oxidation process occurs, which affects the transformation of organic matter and its increased reactivity, and hence the higher usage of chlorine disinfectant. In addition, UV lamps require electrical power and the periodic replacement of filaments. In order to assess whether the application of a low-pressure UV lamp is justified, water quality tests and an analysis of the operating costs (including the energy consumption) of the water treatment system were carried out for two operation variants—those of the low-pressure UV lamp being turned on and off. The experiments were carried out on the real object of the AGH University of Science and Technology sports swimming pool for one year. The consumption of electricity and water treatment reagents was also measured. The following values of the selected parameters of the swimming pool water quality were observed (for without and with UV lamp, respectively): 0.68 and 0.52 mg/L combined chlorine; 3.12 and 3.02 mg/L dissolved organic carbon; 15.70 and 15.26 µg/L trihalomethanes; 7 and 6 cfu/mL mesophilic bacteria; and 6 and 20 cfu/mL psychrophilic bacteria. Generally, the statistically important differences in water quality parameters were not observed, thus the application of the low-pressure UV lamp in the swimming pool water treatment technology did not bring the expected improvement in water quality. However, the higher consumption of electric energy (by 29%) and chlorine disinfectant (by 15%), and the need to periodically replace the lamp filaments significantly increased the operating costs of the water treatment system (by 21%) and its ecological impact, thus this technology cannot be considered as profitable or ecological.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE UV LAMP POWER ON THE FORMATION OF SWIMMING POOL WATER TREATMENT BY-PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Edyta KUDLEK ◽  
Anna LEMPART ◽  
Mariusz DUDZIAK ◽  
Marta BUJAK
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
By Products

Nanofiltration for enhanced removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in swimming pool water–retention and water quality estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1716-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Klüpfel ◽  
T. Glauner ◽  
C. Zwiener ◽  
F. H. Frimmel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
On Line ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Organic Halogens

Three nanofiltration (NF) membranes with a chlorine tolerance ≥ 1 mg L−1 were applied to reduce DBPs and their precursors in swimming pool water. A lab scale plant with crossflow modules was installed in by-pass at the sand filter outlet of a swimming pool for a period of several weeks. The chlorine tolerances of the membranes SB90 and NP030 were found to be adequate for filtration under swimming pool water conditions over the given experimental period. Retention of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) were about 70% and 80% for SB90 and 50% and 40% for NP030, respectively. DOC accumulation in the pool and the expected fresh water consumption for a treatment system consisting of ultrafiltration (UF) and NF with backwash water treatment were estimated by mass balances based on the results. Mass balances were calculated also for a German public swimming pool with a conventional water treatment system (flocculation-sand filtration-chlorination) and were compared to DOC on-line measurements. Calculation of DOC mass balances for different UF-NF treatment scenarios showed that pool water quality could be improved significantly compared to the conventional treatment system.

Ozone Swimming Pool Water Treatment Under Tropical Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bataller ◽  
E. Veliz ◽  
R. Pérez-Rey ◽  
L. A. Fernández ◽  
M. Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

scholarly journals An exploration of disinfection by-products formation and governing factors in chlorinated swimming pool water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ilyas ◽  
Ilyas Masih ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

Disinfection by-products and microbial contamination in the treatment of pool water with granular activated carbon

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Uhl ◽  
C. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Filter Bed

For swimming pools, it is generally agreed that free chlorine levels have to be maintained to guarantee adequate disinfection. Recommended free chlorine levels can vary between 0.3 and 0.6mg/L in Germany and up to 3mg/L in other countries. Bathers introduce considerable amounts of organic matter, mainly in the form of such as urine and sweat, into the pool water. As a consequence, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Regulations in Germany recommend levels of combined chlorine of less than 0.2mg/L and levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) of less than 20μg/L. Haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloropicrin and chloral hydrate are also detected in considerable amounts. However, these compounds are not regulated yet. Swimming pool staff and swimmers, especially athletes, are primarily exposed to these byproducts by inhalation and/or dermal uptake. In Germany, new regulations for swimming pool water treatment generally require the use of activated carbon. In this project, three different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) (one standard GAC, two catalytic GACs) are compared for their long time behaviour in pool water treatment. In a pilot plant operated with real swimming pool water, production and removal of disinfection byproducts (THMs, HAAs, AOXs), of biodegradable substances (AOC), of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, coliforms, HPC) as well as the removal of chlorine and chloramines are monitored as function of GAC bed depth. Combined chlorine penetrates deeper in the filter bed than free chlorine does. However, both, free and combined chlorine removal efficiencies decrease over the time of filter operation. The decreases of removal efficiencies are also observed for parameters such as dissolved organic carbon, spectral absorption coefficient, adsorbable organic carbon and most of the disinfection byproducts. However, THMs, especially chloroform are produced in the filter bed. The GAC beds were contaminated microbially, especially with P. aeruginosa. The contamination was not removable by backwashing with chlorine concentrations up to 2mg/l free chlorine.

The Occurrence of Unfavorable Phenomena in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak ◽  
Marta Dyrała
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
The Relationship

The study assessed unfavorable phenomena occurring in swimming pool water, including the occurrence of organic micropollutants in swimming pools and the transformation of these compounds during the swimming pool water treatment processes. The presence of three selected compounds was examined from the personal care products group (PCP) in pool water samples, collected in 2018 and 2019, from fifteen pools characterized using three different solutions of swimming pool water treatment systems. In addition, experimental studies on the effects of UV radiation and ozone on selected organic micropollutants, previously identified in swimming pools and the relationship between swimming pool water turbidity and the concentration of the selected PCP micropollutants, were carried out

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