Functional and biological diversity of foliar spectra in tree canopies throughout the Andes to Amazon region

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Asner ◽  
Roberta E. Martin ◽  
Loreli Carranza-Jiménez ◽  
Felipe Sinca ◽  
Raul Tupayachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Tree Canopies

scholarly journals Parallel diversifications of Cremastosperma and Mosannona (Annonaceae), tropical rainforest trees tracking Neogene upheaval of the South American continent

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Pirie ◽  
Paul J. M. Maas ◽  
Rutger A. Wilschut ◽  
Heleen Melchers-Sharrott ◽  
Lars W. Chatrou
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
The Andes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100033). Much of the immense present day biological diversity of Neotropical rainforests originated from the Miocene onwards, a period of geological and ecological upheaval in South America. We assess the impact of the Andean orogeny, drainage of lake Pebas, and closure of the Panama Isthmus on two clades of trees (Cremastosperma, c. 31 spp.; and Mosannona, c. 14 spp.; both Annonaceae) found in humid forest distributed across the transition zones between the Andes and Western (lowland) Amazonia and between Central and South America. We inferred phylogenies based on c. 80% of recognised species of each clade using plastid and nuclear encoded sequence markers, revealing similar patterns of geographically restricted clades. Using molecular dating we showed that diversifications in the different areas occurred in parallel, with timing consistent with Andean vicariance and Central American geodispersal. In apparent contradiction of high dispersal abilities of rainforest trees, Cremastosperma clades within Amazonia are also geographically restricted, with a southern/montane clade that appears to have diversified along the foothills of the Andes sister to one of more northern/lowland species that diversified in a region once inundated by lake Pebas. Ecological niche modelling approaches show phylogenetically conserved niche differentiation, particularly within Cremastosperma. Niche similarity and recent common ancestry of Amazon and Guianan Mosannona species contrasts with dissimilar niches and more distant ancestry of Amazon, Venezuelan and Guianan species of Cremastosperma suggesting that this element of the similar patterns of disjunct distributions in the two genera is instead a biogeographic parallelism, with differing origins. The results provide further independent evidence for the importance of the Andean orogeny, the drainage of Lake Pebas, and the formation of links between South and Central America in the evolutionary history of Neotropical lowland rainforest trees.

Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 1395-1417
Author(s):  
Ulisses Confalonieri ◽  
Júlia Alves Menezes ◽  
Carina Margonari
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Climate Shifts ◽  
Dam Building ◽  
Human Infections

In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.

The Mediterranean Environment of Central Chile

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Armesto ◽  
Mary T. K. Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Western Side

The Mediterranean-type environment of South America, broadly defined as the continental area characterized by winter rainfall and summer drought, is confined to a narrow band about 1,000 km long on the western side of the Andes in north-central Chile (Arroyo et al., 1995, 1999). Although much has been written about the climate, vegetation, and landscapes of this part of Chile, and comparisons have been drawn with California and other Mediterranean-type regions of the world (Parsons, 1976; Mooney, 1977; Rundel, 1981; Arroyo et al., 1995), a modern synthesis of information on the physical setting, regional biota, and historical development of ecosystems in central Chile has not been attempted. This chapter is intended to provide such an integrated picture, emphasizing those aspects most peculiar to the region. Since the earlier floristic work on the Chilean matorral (e.g. Mooney, 1977), the name given to the vegetation of central Chile, there is now a much greater appreciation of the geographic isolation and high levels of biological diversity and endemism in this region of South America (Arroyo and Cavieres, 1997; Villagrán, 1995; Arroyo et al., 1995, 1999). Because of the great richness and singularity of its terrestrial flora, this area of the continent is considered to be one of the world’s 25 hotspots in which to conserve global biodiversity (Arroyo et al., 1999; Myers et al., 2000). An analysis of the main features of the Mediterranean environment in South America should therefore address the causes of such high floristic richness, the nature of current threats to biodiversity, and the prospects for its conservation in the long-term. A discussion of conservation concerns closes the present chapter (but see also: Arroyo and Cavieres, 1997; and Arroyo et al., 1999). In view of the vast literature on the biota and physical setting of central Chile, this chapter adopts a selective approach, from a biogeographic perspective, of what we consider to be the most remarkable historical, physical, and ecological features of this environment, which in turn may explain its extraordinary richness in plants and animals. Mediterranean-type ecosystems occupy a narrow band along the western margin of South America, from 30 to 36°S in central Chile.

Ethnobotany in the Andes and the Amazon in a world of Nagoya Protocol and post SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rainer W. Bussmann ◽  
Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Crop Domestication ◽  
Nagoya Protocol ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
The Andes

Plants provide humankind with our most basic resources — food, medicines, fiber, and a whole array of other useful products. Relatives of wild crops and traditional plant varieties have been the foundation of crop domestication, plant breeding, and indeed the whole of modern agriculture. Plants provide the molecular basis of many pharmaceuticals, as direct compounds or as molecular blueprints. Modern science has started to confirm that the distinction between nutrition and medicine is blurred. With economic development empowering a greater percentage of the world’s people, urban areas continuing to expand, and human populations projected to double in the next 50 years, it seems certain that natural resources will face increasing threat. Habitat loss, unsustainable extraction of plants, spread of invasive species, climate change, and other human activities will have tremendous impacts. In this overview, we assess the changes in ethnobotanical research in the Andes and Amazon in the last decades using the Chábobo Ethnobotany Project as an example for modern ethnobotanical research under Convention on Biological Diversity and the attached Nagoya Protocol, and reflect on the possibilities of using this model for future ethnobotanical studies in a post-SARS-CoV-2 world.

scholarly journals A conservação da biodiversidade na Amazônia e a Governança Transnacional Ambiental: o Programa Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia (ARPA) e a experiência local com o Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange (PNCO) / Biodiversity conservation in the Amazon and Transnational Environmental Governance: the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA) and the local experience with the Cabo Orange National Park (CONP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-445
Author(s):  
Márcia Rodrigues Bertoldi ◽  
Ádria Tabata De Moraes Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
International Solidarity ◽  
Local Experience ◽  
Global Initiative

ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o Programa de Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia (ARPA) como plano de iniciativa global que visa atender a conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade conforme o objetivo ambiental da Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica de 1992. Em especial, analisa-se a unidade de conservação Parque Nacional do Cabo Orange (PNCO), atendida pelo ARPA que possui um sistema de gestão fundado na governança transnacional ambiental. Para isso, a pesquisa é elaborada utilizando o método dedutivo, o caráter qualitativo e emprega o procedimento bibliográfico-documental para seu desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, seguindo o ideal de governança transnacional em prol da proteção e conservação da biodiversidade no bioma amazônico através do Programa ARPA, com consolidação na gestão local no PNCO, é possível refletir que a participação de diferentes atores sociais (nacionais e internacionais) em unidades de conservação e, sobretudo, o  financiamento de projetos, favorecem a cooperação repousada na solidariedade e responsabilidade comum para a salvaguarda de um bem comum.Palavras-chave: Conservação e Utilização Sustentável da biodiversidade. Governança Transnacional Ambiental. ARPA. PNCO. Princípio Responsabilidade. Solidariedade Internacional. AbstractThis article aims to analyze the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA) as a global initiative plan that aims to meet the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity according to the environmental objective of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. In particular, it is analyzed the Cabo Orange National Park conservation unit, which is served by ARPA, that has a management system based on transnational environmental governance. For that, the research is elaborated using the deductive method, the qualitative character, and it uses the bibliographic-documental procedure for its development. Thus, following the ideal of transnational governance for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon biome through the ARPA Program, with consolidation of the local management in the CONP, it is possible to reflect that the participation of different social actors (national and international) in units conservation and, above all, the financing of projects favor cooperation based on solidarity and common responsibility to safeguard a common good.Keywords: Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity. Transnational Environmental Governance. ARPA. CONP. Principle of Responsibility. International Solidarity.

scholarly journals Climate Change, Vulnerability, Social Conflicts and Human Displacement in the Andes: The case of Huaytapallana Glacier

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Téofilo Altamirano
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Climate Change Vulnerability ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
The Andes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Involuntary Displacement ◽  
Human Displacement

The objective of this review was to identify the links between Climate Change, Vulnerability, Social Conflicts and Human Displacement in the Andes. The different factors that influence the vulnerability of people and communities are analyzed, such as the diversity of the impacts of climate change, the retreat of glaciers, the loss of biological diversity, health, agricultural production and scenarios with the presence of water scarcity. Adaptive behaviors are observed in the inhabitants of Andean communities, but they are not sufficient, because in many occasions people are forced to migrate to other cities. Five ways of responding to climate risks or hazards are suggested: 1) reduction and control of global warming, 2) adaptation to conditions resulting from climate change, 3) resistance, 4) mitigation, and 5) involuntary displacement. Finally, it concludes by stating that there is an intricate link between global warming, climate change, vulnerability and social conflicts, and that migration is a product of climate change.

scholarly journals Two decades of active fire data in Huascaran Biosphere Reserve (Peru): patterns and future challenges to prevent wildfires.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Steven Sevillano-Rios ◽  
Daniel Huamán ◽  
Javier Mendoza ◽  
Grecia Torres ◽  
Benjamin Minaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Main Driver

Abstract Background The Andes are recognized as center of biocultural and biological diversity that provide multiple ecosystem services threatened by different anthropogenic forces. Here, fires are widely used in agriculture and other traditional activities with the potential to become larger-scale, unmanageable “wildfires” and contribute to the degradation of both ecosystems and human livelihoods. In this study, we assess the temporal and spatial pattern of MODIS and VIIRS Active Fire Data (AFD) and their relationships to 9 environmental conditions and human activities across the three zones of the Huascaran Biosphere Reserve (HBR), Ancash, Peru between 2001 and 2020. Results Xeric climatic conditions seem to drive the temporal AFD pattern across and within years in the HBR. Across years, an oscillating increment of active fire alerts was evident, with years 2016 and especially 2020 displaying the highest AFD records of the two decades. Both correspond to years with the lowest mean annual precipitation. Seasonally, AFD also peaked at the end of the dry season (August and September), but AFD continue until late November of 2016 and 2020. The amount of people on the other hand, measured in terms of population and number of rural villages, is the main driver of where AFA occur, increasing along the limits of the Huascaran National Park (HNP) and the Buffer Zone (BZ) and in weakly controlled areas within the park. Conclusions We conclude that a combination of both, xeric conditions, and human pressures, seems to interact and produce high numbers of AFD along key Andean ecosystems like Puna grasslands and shrublands that are not ecologically adapted to this type of pressures. Land transformation and a limited capacity of control over key areas within the HNP seem to play an important role in where and when wildfires occur. Finally, although 2020 was an arid year, the covid-19 pandemic would have exacerbated the number of AFDs that occurred in the area, demonstrating that the effects of the pandemic go beyond health problems.

No peace for the forest: Rapid, widespread land changes in the Andes-Amazon region following the Colombian civil war

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 102283
Author(s):  
Paulo J. Murillo-Sandoval ◽  
Emma Gjerdseth ◽  
Camilo Correa-Ayram ◽  
David Wrathall ◽  
Jamon Van Den Hoek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Land Changes

Environmental Change and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

2017 ◽  
pp. 109-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulisses Confalonieri ◽  
Júlia Alves Menezes ◽  
Carina Margonari
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Climate Shifts ◽  
Dam Building ◽  
Human Infections

In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.

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