scholarly journals Plant neighbours can make or break the disease transmission chain of a fungal root pathogen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline A. Ampt ◽  
Jasper van Ruijven ◽  
Mark P. Zwart ◽  
Jos M. Raaijmakers ◽  
Aad J. Termorshuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Transmission Chain

scholarly journals The serial and generation intervals from SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and their potential application in the epidemiology of two citrus diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Francisco Sautua ◽  
Santiago Domínguez-Monge ◽  
Carlos Cecilio Góngora-Canul ◽  
Marcelo Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Citrus Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathosystems ◽  
Tristeza Virus

<p>Since the start of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the concepts of serial and generation intervals have been used as key epidemiological measures to understand the transmission dynamics of the disease. We carefully examined and repurposed these concepts to the understanding of the transmission chain and dynamics of two major citrus diseases: tristeza virus (caused by Citrus tristeza virus, CTV) and Huanglongbing (caused by <em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter asiaticus). Following the fundamental definition of the concepts, the review delineates the transmission chain in the SARS-CoV-2 and that of CTV and CLas, pointing out their major similarities and differences. Then, it discusses estimation of the serial and generation intervals and their distributions for both plant diseases. Identification of infector-infectee tree pairs in a transmission chain within orchards is proposed through use of disease incidence data from intensive mapping, spatial pattern analysis, conditional probability, and simulation approaches. Like in SARS-CoV-2 dynamics, pre-symptomatic transmission in these two plant pathosystems is of epidemiological significance. Hence, estimation of the serial and generation interval can lay the foundations to understanding of early disease transmission dynamics, thus the implementation of vector control measures or eradication of infected trees. We hope this review motivates discussions on estimation and usage of these concepts to enhance understanding of the epidemiology of both of the herein examined citrus diseases.</p>

scholarly journals Identification of a super-spreading chain of transmission associated with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Hu ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Mengmei Wang ◽  
Qiqi Zeng ◽  
Xiaorui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Abnormal Chest ◽  
Exposure History ◽  
A Chain

AbstractBackgroundSuper-spreading events were associated with the outbreaks of SARS and MERS, but their association with the outbreak of COVID-19 remains unknown. Here, we report a super-spreading transmission chain of SARS-CoV-2 involving an index patient, seven cancer patients, 40 health care workers and four family members.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study to identify the index patient and the exposed individuals linked to a chain of transmission associated with COVID-19. We collected and analyzed the data on demographic features, exposure history, clinical presentation, laboratory investigation, radiological examination, and disease outcome of these patients.ResultsWe identified the index patient and another presumptive “super-spreader”, who initiated and amplified a super-spreading transmission chain associated with COVID-19, respectively. There were 31 female and 21 male patients in this cohort, and the median age was 37 years (range: 22-79 years). Each of them had an exposure history with the index patient or his close contacts. Approximately 87% (45/52) of the patients had fever or other symptoms, 96% (50/52) had abnormal chest CT-scan findings, 86% of the tested patients (39/45) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal or throat swab specimen, 85% of the tested patients (29/34) were positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and/or IgG, 15% of the RT-PCR positive patients were tested negative for the specific IgM and/or IgG at the convalescent phase, and 15% of the RT-PCR negative patients were tested positive for the specific IgM and/or IgG. The severe patients experienced a significant decrease in oximetry saturation, lymphocyte, and platelet counts, along with a significant increase in C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase. All six fatal cases had comorbidities and five of the seven cancer patients (71%) died within 2-20 days of the disease onset.ConclusionsThe super-spreading events were associated with the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan and its impact on disease transmission warrants further investigation. Cancer patients appeared highly vulnerable to COVID-19. The finding that a significant portion of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were tested negative for the serum specific IgM and IgG at the convalescent phase should be addressed by additional studies.

scholarly journals The SARS outbreak in a general hospital in Tianjin, China – the case of super-spreader

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
SH. X. WANG ◽  
Y. M. LI ◽  
B. C. SUN ◽  
S. W. ZHANG ◽  
W. H. ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Single Patient ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged infectious disease with a high case-fatality rate and devastating socio-economic impact. In this report we summarized the results from an epidemiological investigation of a SARS outbreak in a hospital in Tianjin, between April and May 2003. We collected epidemiological and clinical data on 111 suspect and probable cases of SARS associated with the outbreak. Transmission chain and outbreak clusters were investigated. The outbreak was single sourced and had eight clusters. All SARS cases in the hospital were traced to a single patient who directly infected 33 people. The patients ranged from 16 to 82 years of age (mean age 38·5 years); 38·7% were men. The overall case fatality in the SARS outbreak was 11·7% (13/111). The outbreak lasted around 4 weeks after the index case was identified. SARS is a highly contagious condition associated with substantial case fatality; an outbreak can result from one patient in a relatively short period. However, stringent public health measures seemed to be effective in breaking the disease transmission chain.

scholarly journals Quantifying arbovirus disease and transmission risk at the municipality level in the Dominican Republic: the inception of Rm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhys Kingston ◽  
Isobel Routledge ◽  
Samir Bhatt ◽  
Leigh R Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
Dengue Epidemic

AbstractArboviruses remain a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and economic cost across the global human population. Epidemics of arboviral disease, such as Zika and dengue, also cause significant disruption to health services at local and national levels. This study examined 2014-16 Zika and dengue epidemic data at the sub-national level to characterise transmission across the Dominican Republic.For each municipality, spatio-temporal mapping was used to characterise disease burden, while data were age and sex standardised to quantify burden distributions among the population. In separate analyses, time-ordered data were combined with the underlying disease migration interval distribution to produce a network of likely transmission chain events, displayed using transmission chain likelihood matrices. Finally, municipal-specific reproduction numbers (Rm) were established using a Wallinga-Teunis matrix.Dengue and Zika epidemics peaked during weeks 39-52 of 2015 and weeks 14-27 of 2016 respectively. At the provincial level, dengue attack rates were high in Hermanas Mirabal and San José de Ocoa (58.1 and 49.2 cases per 10,000 population respectively), compared with the Zika burden, which was highest in Independencia and San José de Ocoa (21.2 and 13.4 cases per 10,000 population respectively). Across municipalities, high disease burden was observed in Cotui (622 dengue cases per 10,000 population) and Jimani (32 Zika cases per 10,000 population). Municipal infector-infectee transmission likelihood matrices identified six 0% likelihood transmission events throughout the dengue epidemic and one 0% likelihood transmission event during the Zika epidemic. Municipality reproduction numbers (Rm) were consistently higher, and persisted for a greater duration during the Zika epidemic (Rm = 1.0), than during the dengue epidemic (Rm = <1.0).This research highlights the importance of disease surveillance in land-border municipalities as an early warning for infectious disease transmission. It also demonstrates that a high number of importation events are required to sustain transmission in endemic settings, and vice versa for newly emerged diseases. The inception of a novel epidemiological metric, Rm, reports transmission risk using standardised spatial units, and can be used to identify high transmission risk municipalities to better focus public health interventions for dengue, Zika, and other infectious diseases.Author SummaryArboviruses remain a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and economic cost. Between the years 2014-16, two large arbovirus outbreaks occurred in the Dominican Republic. The first was a wave of dengue cases, followed by a large Zika epidemic. Using various mathematical modelling and geospatial approaches, a number of analyses were undertaken to both characterise the pattern of disease transmission and identify high-burden municipalities. Throughout the process, a novel metric was developed: the Rm. This parameter was used to identify the transmission potential of any given municipality to surrounding municipalities, where >1.0 is high transmission risk, and <1.0 is low transmission risk. This is useful as it provides a standardised approach to determine where public health resources might be focussed to better impact ongoing disease transmission. Additionally, analyses demonstrated the importance of increased disease surveillance in municipalities that share land borders with neighbouring countries, and how relatively few disease importation events can spark and sustain an epidemic.

Periodic monitoring of vampire bats and rabies: a new framework for animal restoration projects in the Neotropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gonçalves ◽  
Daniel G. Streicker ◽  
Mauro Galetti
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
Restoration Project ◽  
Vampire Bats

Nowadays, restoration project might lead to increased public engagement and enthusiasm for biodiversity and is receiving increased media attention in major newspapers, TED talks and the scientific literature. However, empirical research on restoration project is rare, fragmented, and geographically biased and long-term studies that monitor indirect and unexpected effects are needed to support future management decisions especially in the Neotropical area. Changes in animal population dynamics and community composition following species (re)introduction may have unanticipated consequences for a variety of downstream ecosystem processes, including food web structure, predator-prey systems and infectious disease transmission. Recently, an unprecedented study in Brazil showed changes in vampire bat feeding following a rewilding project and further transformed the land-bridge island into a high-risk area for rabies transmission. Due the lessons learned from ongoing project, we present a novel approach on how to anticipate, monitor, and mitigate the vampire bats and rabies in rewilding projects. We pinpoint a series of precautions and the need for long-term monitoring of vampire bats and rabies responses to rewilding projects and highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary teams of scientist and managers focusing on prevention educational program of rabies risk transmitted by bats. In addition, monitoring the relative abundance of vampire bats, considering reproductive control by sterilization and oral vaccines that autonomously transfer among bats would reduce the probability, size and duration of rabies outbreaks. The rewilding assessment framework presented here responds to calls to better integrate the science and practice of rewilding and also could be used for long-term studying of bat-transmitted pathogen in the Neotropical area as the region is considered a geographic hotspots of “missing bat zoonoses”.

THE 2019 NOVEL PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19): A STUDY OF EXISTING EVIDENCE IN THE INDIAN POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Shrikant Verma ◽  
Mohammad Abbas ◽  
Sushma Verma ◽  
Syed Tasleem Raza ◽  
Farzana Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
General Wellbeing ◽  
Different Parts

A novel spillover coronavirus (nCoV), with its epicenter in Wuhan, China's People's Republic, has emerged as an international public health emergency. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till November eighth, 2020, there have been 8.5 million affirmed instances of novel Covid disease2019 (COVID-19) in India, with 1,26,611 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 1.48 percent. Coronavirus clinical signs are fundamentally the same as those of other respiratory infections. In different parts of the world, the quantity of research center affirmed cases and related passings are rising consistently. The COVID- 19 is an arising pandemic-responsible viral infection. Coronavirus has influenced huge parts of the total populace, which has prompted a global general wellbeing crisis, setting all health associations on high attentive. This review sums up the overall landmass, virology, pathogenesis, the study of disease transmission, clinical introduction, determination, treatment, and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. onclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.   Keywords: number of germs, cutlery, three compartment sink

Perbedaan Metode Three Compartement Sink dengan Air Panas dan Larutan Klorin terhadap Angka Kuman Alat Makan di RSU Queen Latifa

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Rifatun Hasanah ◽  
Setyowati Setyowati ◽  
Noor Tifauzah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hospital Use

Background:One of the efforts in preventing congenital food disease is by washing the cutlery perfectly. The cutlery used by patients with infectious diseases should be noted more, because it has a risk in disease transmission through cutlery. The process of washing the cutlery for infected patients in Queen Latifa Hospital use three compartement sink method with hot water, while the three compartement sink method with clorine solvent has never been tested. Purpose: Research was to determine the difference in the number of germs in the tool was washed using three compartement sink method with hot water and with clorine solvent. Method:Types of research is experiment with rancangan percobaan acak kelompok (RAK). The object of this research is 4 plates and 4 bowls. The number of experimental units in this research were 2 treatments x 2 cutlery x 2 checks x 2 reapetitions = 16 experimental units. The analysis used independent t-test with 95% confidence level. Result :The average number of germs in the cutlery washed using the three compartment sink method with hot water was 1 x 101 cfu / cm2, whereas with chlorine solvent is 0.2 cfu / cm2. Independent test t-test shows p = 0.049 which means the hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion : There are differences in the number of germs in the washing cutlery using the three compartment sink method with hot water and with chlorine solvent.

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