Embryo transfer, a potential risk in disease transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Jiménez Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Disease Transmission

Potential risk of equine herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) transmission by equine embryo transfer

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1485-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hebia ◽  
F. Fiéni ◽  
G. Duchamp ◽  
S. Destrumelle ◽  
J.-L. Pellerin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Herpès Virus

scholarly journals School reopening and risks accelerating the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260189
Author(s):  
Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior ◽  
Priscila Carminati Siqueira ◽  
Ethel Leonor Noia Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
British Library ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analysis Protocol

Background One of the most recent concerns of this pandemic regards the role of schools reopening in disease transmission, as well as the impact of keeping schools closed. While school reopening seems critical for the education and mental health of children, adolescents, and adults, so far the literature has not systematically reached a consensus whether to recommend the return to schools in a way that would be safe for students and staff. Objective To synthesize and critically evaluate the scientific evidence on the potential risk of accelerating the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among children, adolescents, young adults, and adults with school reopening. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was elaborated following the PRISMA-P. We will include all observational study designs, which report on the potential risk of accelerating the COVID-2019 pandemic with school reopening. Electronic databases included were MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS and CNKI. Additional sources will be also retrieved, including Clinical trials.gov-NIH, The British Library, Pro Quest Dissertations Database, Public Health Gray Literature Sources and Health Evidence, Google Scholar, and pre-prints [medRXiv]. No restriction to language or date will be used as search strategy. In an independently manner, two investigators will select studies, perform data extraction, as well as perform a critical appraisal of the risk of bias and overall quality of the selected observational studies, based on their designs. The heterogeneity among the studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic test. According to the results of this test, we will verify whether a meta-analysis is feasible. If feasibility is confirmed, a random-effect model analysis will be carried out. For data analysis, the calculation of the pooled effect estimates will consider a 95% CI and alpha will be set in 0.05 using the R statistical software, v.4.0.4. In addition, we will rate the certainty of evidence based on Cochrane methods and in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Expected results This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide better insights into safety in the return to school in the context of the COVID-2019 pandemic, at a time when vaccination advances unevenly in several countries around the world. Hence, consistent data and robust evidence will be provided to help decision-makers and stakeholders in the current pandemic scenario. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021265283; https://clinicaltrials.gov.

146 RELOCATION OF SWINE GENETICS USING EMBRYO TRANSFER

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
S. L. Terlouw ◽  
C. D. Bierman ◽  
D. L. Kohler ◽  
B. A. Didion ◽  
J. R. Dobrinsky
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Health Status Change

Swine production requires a stable health status that can be compromised by introduction of live animals for genetic change. Our objective was to use embryo transfer to avoid disease transmission during genetic relocation. Forty genotype-specific (GS) donor females were scheduled for 3 sessions of embryo recovery at 6-week intervals using Altrenogest (Matrix®, Intervet, Millsboro, DE), 1250 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and 750 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; Chorulon®, Intervet). Single-sire GS matings were made 34 h after Chorulon® injection. To accomplish single-sire transfers, color specific (CS) supplemental embryos were used to assist in maintenance of recipient pregnancy. The CS embryo donors and GS embryo recipients were synchronized with Matrix®, P.G. 600® (200 IU hCG, 400 IU PMSG, Intervet) and Chorulon®. Embryos from GS donors were surgically recovered on Day 5 post-insemination, washed per IETS recommendations using a zwitterion-buffered culture medium (PorcPro E-Blast, Minitube of America, Verona, WI) and transported in a portable incubator (Minitube of America) 2.5 h to the recipient herd. Embryos were surgically transferred into –24-h asynchronous recipients within 6 to 14 h after recovery. A total of 620 embryos were recovered from 65.2% (60/92) of GS matings, and 587 (59.4%) GS and 402 (40.6%) CS embryos were transferred into 63 recipients. On average, 9.3 GS and 6.4 CS embryos were transferred per recipient (15.7). A total of 33 GS embryos were discarded before transfer. To achieve a target of 17 embryos per transfer, 59 embryo transfers required CS embryos and 4 embryo transfers were only GS embryos. Fifty-three (84.1%) recipients were confirmed pregnant by ultrasound at 35 days of gestation. Of the 40 GS donors, one was culled for genetic reasons, 6 did not give transferable embryos, and 1 gave transferable embryos but the corresponding recipient returned to estrus for a total genetic transfer rate of 80% (32/40). After 3 sessions of embryo transfer, 32/33 (97%) GS donors that produced embryos for transfer were represented by a minimum of 1 pregnant recipient at 35 days of gestation; 17/32 GS donors were represented by a single pregnancy and 15/32 by multiple pregnancies. Sera from GS donors were evaluated for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) before each embryo recovery session. Serology results were negative for PRRS (0/98)) and positive for PCV2 in 27.5% (27/98) of GS donors. Embryo wash media from the last 2 washes from PCV2 positive GS donors producing embryos for transfer were pooled and evaluated for PCV2 after transfer; all samples (0/18) were negative for PCV2. In summary, zona pellucida-intact embryos were successfully used to relocate swine genetics from a donor herd into a recipient herd with no apparent health status change in the recipient herd.

107 RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR SAFE SANITARY TRADE OF EMBRYO AND SEMEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fieni ◽  
C. Grant ◽  
J. Gard-Schnuelle ◽  
G. Perry ◽  
C. Wrenzycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Embryo Research ◽  
Research Priority

Embryo transfer and artificial insemination are utilised nationally and internationally for the introduction, improvement, and preservation of livestock genetics. Embryos present a lower risk of infectious disease transmission than do live animals. In order to maintain the sanitary security and to facilitate the trade of embryos and semen worldwide, the Health and Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Embryo Technology Society designed, developed, and conducted a survey to determine research priority. The survey questionnaire was sent to 32 government representatives and 76 embryo transfer and artificial insemination industry representatives around the world to countries where artificial breeding industries are active and well developed. A total of 16 answers were received, 9/32 (28%) from government representatives and 7/76 (9%) from industry representatives. The global feedback was 15%. The survey indicated that, in terms of research priority, embryos and semen were equally important. With regards to embryo research priorities, the survey results ranked in vitro-produced embryos research as the most important, followed by in vitro-derived embryos, and then oocytes. Apart from scrapie for embryos and Campylobacteriosis for semen, research priorities were similar for the major pathogens of embryos and semen, in particular, bovine viral diarrhoea and paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease; Table 1). Emerging or less common diseases were not forgotten. Other diseases suggested but not listed in Table 1 included bluetongue, foot and mouth disease, lentivirus, arbovirus, bovine tuberculosis, porcine epidemic diarrhoea, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, African swine fever, and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte). The survey highlighted the need to focus research largely on ruminant species (Table 1). Other issues identified by the survey included (i) alternative or indirect processes for determining the sanitary quality of in vitro-produced embryo as for in vitro-derived embryos, including standardized testing of discarded oocytes or testing culture media for pathogens with validated PCR techniques, (ii) safe sanitary techniques for the perforation of the zona pellucida for biopsy, for pre-implantation genetics and for diagnostic purposes, (iii) recommendations for international trade in embryos or semen originating from vaccinated donors, and (iv) use of biologicals for disinfecting embryos during washing procedures. Table 1. Answers (%) to the questions: Which pathogens (species) represent the most urgent research need? (answers with results <5% are not listed)

scholarly journals Tobacco Smoking a Potential Risk Factor in Transmission of COVID-19 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (COVID19-S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naseer Ahmed ◽  
Afsheen Maqsood ◽  
Tariq Abduljabbar ◽  
Fahim Vohra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Potential Risk Factor ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Open Access Article

Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) group of viruses. To date, April 25, 2020, more than 2.4 million humans are infected and more than a hundred thousand deaths have been reported from more than 200 countries from COVID-19. There is no evidence-based treatment for the infection and prevention of transmission using social distancing, isolation and hygiene measures is widely recommended. Tobacco smoking is rampant in communities around the globe and the addiction to tobacco results in deaths of more than 8 million individuals each year. As COVID-19 transmits through salivary droplets and causes severe lung pneumonia, tobacco smokers are also at high risk of severe COVID-19 infection due to poor lung function, cross-infection and susceptible hygiene habits. Smoking tobacco (cigarette, e-cigarettes or waterpipe) produces exhaled smoke, coughing or sneezing, aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 in the surroundings and contaminating surfaces. Therefore, smoking tobacco is a possible mode of transmission for the virus for both active and passive smokers. Smoking should be considered a risk factor for the disease transmission until further availability of evidence and measures to limit its direct and indirect effects should be implemented within the community. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2739 How to cite this:Ahmed N, Maqsood A, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F. Tobacco Smoking a Potential Risk Factor in Transmission of COVID-19 Infection. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(COVID19-S4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2739 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Is the zona pellucida an efficient barrier to viral infection?

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Van Soom ◽  
A. E. Wrathall ◽  
A. Herrler ◽  
H. J. Nauwynck
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
The Subject

Although the transfer of embryos is much less likely to result in disease transmission than the transport of live animals, the sanitary risks associated with embryo transfer continue to be the subject of both scientific investigations and adaptations of national and international legislation. Therefore, the implications are important for veterinary practitioners and livestock breeders. In vivo-derived and in vitro-produced embryos are widely used in cattle and embryos from other species, such as sheep, goats, pigs and horses, are also currently being transferred in fairly significant numbers. Bearing in mind the wide variety of embryos of different species and the correspondingly large number of viruses that are of concern, it is expedient at this time to look again at the importance of the zona pellucida (ZP) as a barrier against viruses and at the susceptibility or otherwise of embryonic cells to viral infection if ever they are exposed. For embryos with an intact ZP, viral infection of the embryo is unlikely to occur. However, the virus may stick to the ZP and, in this case, International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing procedures in combination with trypsin treatment are mandatory. A caveat is the fact that currently more and more types of embryos are becoming available for transfer and scientific data cannot be extrapolated from one species to another. These topics are discussed in the present review.

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