Experimental Studies on the Rheological and Hydraulic Performance of Palm Based Hydraulic Fluid

Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benign environment. The use of plant oil as hydraulic fluid would help to minimize hazardous pollution caused by accidental spillage, lower disposal costs of the used fluid and meet the environmental regulations. Hydraulic test rig was built to conduct endurance test where it can be operated continuously with several safety features. This research was conducted to evaluate the rheology elements and hydraulic performance of palm based hydraulic fluid. The palm oil shows decreasing trend in volumetric efficiency as the pressure increase while the mechanical efficiency increases as the pressure increase. Properties and characteristics of palm based hydraulic fluid were evaluated via rheology study. The effect of viscosity with temperature and shear rate was studied. The influence of shear rate and temperature on the variation of viscosity was clearly observed but temperature has more significant influence. Interpretations of rheological models indicate that this palm based hydraulic fluid belongs to pseudo-plastic category. Further analysis was done to fit the experimental data with two models and the findings show that Cross rheological model fits well with the experiment data. The plant oil was used in 1000 hours operation in a hydraulic system built in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The overall results suggest the potential substitution of palm oil as hydraulic fluid in marine applications.

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PEMANFAATAN CPO ASAM LEMAK BEBAS TINGGI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR

Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) ◽

10.29122/elk.v11i1.1591 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zulaicha Dwi Hastuti ◽

Dwi Husodo Prasetyo ◽

Erlan Rosyadi

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Plant Oil

Asam lemak bebas (alb) dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) merupakan salah satu parameter kualitas CPO.Munculnya asamlemak bebas ini dapat berasal dari faktor pemanenan dan penyimpanan. Asamlemak bebas yang tinggi dalam CPO dapat menurunkan harga CPO. Minyak mentah sawit inimerupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang diolah, antara lain, menjadi pure plant oil (PPO)dan biodiesel. Namun,masalah utama CPO sebagai bahan baku PPO dan biodiesel adalah asamlemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas dalam CPO yang dapat digunakan untuk PPO dan biodiesel tidakboleh lebih dari 1%. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan usaha untuk menurunkan asamlemak bebas dalam CPO sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar. Metoda yang digunakanadalah esterifikasi. Asam lemak bebas dikonversi menjadi metil ester. Campuran metil ester dengantrigliserida ini merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat digunakan untuk pengganti BBM. Kondisi yangoptimal untuk proses esterifikasi CPO alb tinggi adalah sebagai berikut : suhu 65oC, waktu 360 menit,katalis 0,25%, dan perbandingan mol metanol 8:1. Dengan proses ini, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 2,76% (konversi 89,39%). Pada kondisi yang sama dengan katalis yangditingkatkan menjadi 0,5%, asam lemak bebas dapat diturunkan menjadi 1,86% (konversi 92,85%).Pada kondisi yang sama, dengan katalis yang ditingkatkan menjadi 1%, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 1,75% (konversi 93,28%).Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas, CPO, esterifikasi, PPO, biodiesel

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The Effect of the Operating Conditions on the Apparent Viscosity of Crude Palm Oil During Oil Clarification

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v5i1.377 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Mirghani I. Ahmed and Yousif A. Abakr

Keyword(s):

Shear Rate ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Apparent Viscosity ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Optimum Operating ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Different Boundary Conditions ◽

Rotary Viscometer

This paper discusses the apparent viscosity of crude palm oil, using rotary viscometer, under different boundary conditions. It was experimentally shown that the apparent viscosity of palm oil drops with increasing of the shear rate and the temperature. However, the effect of temperature on the viscosity tends to fade at temperatures beyond 80 oC. A correlation between the apparent viscosity of crude palm oil and the operating conditions was developed. This correlation can be used in design of crude palm oil settlers and in determining the optimum operating conditions.Key Words: Crude palm oil, apparent viscosity, shear rate, modelling, separation

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Viscous Dissipation of Polymer Melt in Micro Channels and Macro Channels

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.521 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 609-610 ◽

pp. 521-525

Author(s):

Bin Xu ◽

Xiao Yu An ◽

Liang Chao Li ◽

Guang Ming Li

Keyword(s):

Shear Rate ◽

Viscous Dissipation ◽

Unit Length ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Polymer Melt ◽

Characteristic Size ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Micro Channels ◽

Macro Scale ◽

The Difference

Viscous dissipation is the key factor impacting flowing characteristics of polymer melt. In order to study the difference between micro scale and macro scale, experimental studies of viscous dissipation at various shear rate were investigated with several polymers, including PMMA and HDPE, at different temperature when melts flow through 1000μm,500μm,350μm diameter channels of identical aspects ratio in the paper. The results indicate that the temperature rises caused by viscous dissipation increase with increasing shear rate and the temperature rise for some shear rate decreases with increasing melts temperature. The temperature rises decrease significantly with the reduction of the characteristic size of micro channel at the same shear rate. However, the average temperature rises per unit length increase when the character size of channel decreases. This indicates the shear friction gradually increases with the decrease of channel characteristic size. Therefore polymer melt viscous dissipation effects of micro scale dimensions are different from that of macro-scale dimensions.

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The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1988.052.364.07 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 52 (364) ◽

pp. 81-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. Grant Cawthorn ◽

Kevin L. Walsh

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Bushveld Complex ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Liquid Composition ◽

Major Influence ◽

Mafic Rocks ◽

Interstitial Component ◽

Basic Rocks

AbstractPhosphorus contents in cumulus rocks occurring close to the level of apatite appearance in the basic rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, provide a method of calculating the proportion of intercumulus component in these rocks. Previous experimental studies have accurately constrained the phosphorus content of magmas when apatite becomes stable. The ratio of the phosphorus content in the cumulates immediately below the appearance of apatite to this liquid composition defines the proportion of trapped liquid.Application of this method to rocks from the uppermost mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex leads to the conclusion that there is from 1 to 6 per cent intercumulus component. Many of these rocks are multiphase cumulates and in such rocks estimation of intercumulus component from textural criteria is difficult.If crystals grow In situ on the floor of the magma chamber such small proportions of interstitial component can be produced without appealing to excessive diffusion and circulation of magma through an unconsolidated crystal pile. The geometry of the intrusion as well as its size might have a major influence on the proportion of the liquid ultimately solidifying within a cumulus rock.

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Experimental studies into the thermal-hydraulic performance of the VK-300 reactor based on a draft tube model

Nuclear Energy and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.nucet.2016.02.018 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 288-295

Author(s):

N.P. Serdun ◽

V.I. Ignatenko ◽

G.S. Kotikov

Keyword(s):

Draft Tube ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Hydraulic Performance ◽

Tube Model

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Media Leaders Mining Based on Android News Apps

Insight - News Media ◽

10.18282/inm.v2i1.316 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Sijia Wang ◽

Miao Zhang

Keyword(s):

New Media ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Mobile Internet ◽

Major Influence ◽

Data Sets ◽

The Public ◽

Spread Of Influence ◽

Rapid Dissemination ◽

Media Reports

<p align="justify">With the rapid development of the mobile Internet, the mobile news apps have become the most important way for the public to obtain news. As a new media carrier and communication platform,the mobile news apps can promote the rapid dissemination of information and the rapid spread of influence. Some media have a major influence on the direction of other media reports and the behavioral decisions of the public. These media can be regarded as media leaders. Media leaders are very important in the dissemination of news. By identifying media leaders, companies or governments can promote sales or guide public opinion separately. This article believes that media leaders mainly achieve their own influence by publishing news, so this article uses the news published by the mobile news apps as an entry point. This paper firstly solves the problem of data crawling in mobile news apps, and proposes a data crawling method based on reverse analysis, and obtains the data source. Then, reconstruct the reprinting path of the news, and carry out accurate traceability. Finally, cluster the news based on LDA, and propose an algorithm for mining media leaders from three aspects: influence, activity and preference. Experimental studies of data sets have shown that our algorithms can effectively identify media leaders.</p>

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Fluence of age factor on main strength and deformative properties of timber

Сучасні технології та методи розрахунків у будівництві ◽

10.36910/6775-2410-6208-2020-3(13)-04 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

С.С. Гомон С.С.

Keyword(s):

Experimental Studies ◽

Solid Wood ◽

Test Machine ◽

Hydraulic Test ◽

Coniferous Species ◽

Deformation Parameters ◽

Average Maximum ◽

The Press ◽

Strength And Deformation ◽

Experimental Researches

The analysis of literature sources on this topic is carried out. It was found that the influence of age on the main strength and deformation parameters has not been studied. The method of experimental researches of coniferous and deciduous species of solid wood of different age at one-time short-term loading along fibers is resulted. To solve the problems, a series of samples of 1 sort of solid wood in the form of prisms with a cross section of 30x30x120 mm were made. The following species of wood were tested: coniferous species - larch, pine, spruce; deciduous - birch, alder, ash. The age of wood was 20, 40, 60 years. At the time of testing, the moisture was 12%. The humidity of the wood was controlled using a moisture meter MD-814. Experimental studies were performed on a servo-hydraulic test machine STM-100 under a rigid load regime (by increasing the displacements of the press plate of the test machine). Based on the obtained results, complete diagrams of deformation of deciduous (birch, alder, ash) and coniferous (larch, pine, spruce) species of solid wood at different ages (60, 40, 20 years) were constructed. The number of twin samples that were tested was 126 pieces. The main strength and deformation parameters were determined experimentally, in particular the average critical deformations of all studied wood species and the corresponding average maximum stresses. It is established that in the case of a rigid test regime, the deformation diagram of solid wood necessarily has two branches - ascending and descending. That is, the samples work in the so-called supercritical stage of work. It was found that the age of wood directly affects the strength and deformability of solid wood. In particular, with increasing age from 20 to 60 years, the strength and deformability of deciduous and coniferous species of solid wood increases significantly. Based on the test results, conclusions were drawn. Further research on this topic is highlighted.

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STORM "GREEDY WATER" PALM OIL BASED ON ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE

EnviroScienteae ◽

10.20527/es.v14i1.4891 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Gusti Rusmayadi

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Root Zone ◽

Crop Coefficient ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Water Storage Capacity ◽

The Impact

The tendentious issue of deforestation, biodiversity, "water greedy" attack ganoderma and carbon emissions continue to heat up in this decade has cornered palm plantations in Indonesia for allegedly either from outside or from inside the country becomes the base of why. To clarify these issues then this article aims to analyze the impact of oil palm plantations in terms of the water balance of plant oil palm. Water use in the oil palm plantations on average 92.05 mm/month or equivalent to 1104.5 mm/year over lamtoro stands is 3,000 mm/year, acacia 2,400 mm/year, sengon of 2,300 mm/year, amounting tea 900 mm/year, rubber amounted to 1,300 mm/year, bamboo amounted to 3,000 mm/year and teak amounted to 1,300 mm/year. The coefficient of oil palm crop of 0.93. The percentage amount of rainfall used palm oil amounted to only 39.60% of the annual rainfall. Percentage of evapotranspiration value is smaller than the value of evapotranspiration pine percentage of 64.5%, A. mangium 68.8%, amounting to 55.1% of ferns and eucalyptus (E.alba) amounted to 52.4%. Meanwhile, rubber plant has a value of 1 kc, other crops such as rice, during the period of growth has kc values between 1.05 to 1.2. Soil water content (KAT) which indicates the storage capacity of the root zone of oil lower than the root zone rubber (Rusmayadi, 2011). This is due to the oil more roots growing in the topsoil to a depth of ± 1 meter and as you go down the less. Rooting most densely contained at a depth of 25 cm. Therefore the ability of smaller savings in oil palm plantations compared to rubber, then the excess water will be removed or overflowed (Ro) is not taken ("greedy water") by palm trees. Palm oil as a commodity to be seen objectively with regard to the nature of biological (plant roots), physiological (crop coefficient), and environmental (water storage capacity). This is to straighten out the problems that it is not water but greedy oil plantation management who do not pay attention to aspects of water conservation.

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