scholarly journals On Estimate of Malaysian Mortality Rates Using Interpolation Methods

MATEMATIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Nur Idayu Ah Khaliludin ◽  
Zarina Mohd Khalid ◽  
Haliza Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Spline Method ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Life table is a table that shows mortality experience of a nation. However, in Malaysia, the information in this table is provided in the five-year age groups (abridged) instead of every one-year age. Hence, this study aims to estimate the one-year age mortality rates from the abridged mortality rates using several interpolation methods. We applied Kostaki method and the Akima spline method to five sets of Malaysian group mortality rates ranging from period of 2012 to 2016. The results were then compared with the one-year mortality rates. We found that the method by Akima is the best method for the Malaysian mortality experience as it gives the least minimum of sum of square errors. The method does not only provide a good fit but also, shows a smooth mortality curve.

Mortality of Assured Lives

1954 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 169-261
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Current Experience ◽  
Standard Table ◽  
Light Table

1. The standard table of mortality most generally used in Britain at the present time for life assurance calculations is the A 1924-29 table, which was derived from the experience of assured lives during the period 1924–29. During the quarter of a century that has elapsed since that time there have been substantial changes in mortality rates and the A 1924-29 table is today out of date. The publication of the A 1924-29 Light table, based upon the experience of certain selected offices whose mortality was lighter than average, has no doubt been helpful in providing a table which goes some way in the direction of the lower mortality rates of today. However, this table suffers from the disadvantage that, while the mortality rates at young ages are not low enough for current experience, at some of the older age-groups the rates are too low, with the consequence that the shape of the mortality curve does not accord with present conditions. The greatest proportionate reductions in mortality since 1924–29 have occurred at the younger ages, and there can be little doubt that a new table is needed to provide offices with an efficient and up-to-date instrument for life assurance calculations.

scholarly journals Optimizing one-dose and two-dose cholera vaccine allocation in outbreak settings: A modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Leung ◽  
Julia Eaton ◽  
Laura Matrajt
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Background: A global stockpile of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) was established in 2013 for use in outbreak response and are licensed as two-dose regimens. Vaccine availability, however, remains limited. Previous studies have found that a single dose of OCV may provide substantial protection against cholera. Methods: Using a mathematical model with two age groups paired with optimization algorithms, we determine the optimal vaccination strategy with one and two doses of vaccine to minimize cumulative overall infections, symptomatic infections, and deaths. We explore counterfactual vaccination scenarios in three distinct settings: Maela, the largest refugee camp in Thailand, with high in- and out-migration; N'Djamena, Chad, a densely populated region; and Haiti, where departments are connected by rivers and roads. Results: Over the short term under limited vaccine supply, the optimal strategies for all objectives prioritize one dose to the older age group (over five years old), irrespective of setting and level of vaccination coverage. As more vaccine becomes available, it is optimal to administer a second dose for long-term protection. With enough vaccine to cover the whole population with one dose, the optimal strategies can avert up to 30% to 90% of deaths and 36% to 92% of symptomatic infections across the three settings over one year. The one-dose optimal strategies can avert 1.2 to 1.8 times as many cases and deaths as a two-dose pro-rata strategy. Conclusions: In an outbreak setting, speedy vaccination campaigns with a single dose of OCV may avert more cases and deaths than a two-dose pro-rata campaign under a limited vaccine supply.

Mortality of Assured Lives

1956 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Current Experience ◽  
Standard Table ◽  
Light Table

The standard table of mortality most generally used in Britain at the present time for life assurance calculations is the A 1924–29 table, which was derived from the experience of assured lives during the period 1924–29. During the quarter of a century that has elapsed since that time there have been substantial changes in mortality rates and the A1924–29 table is to-day out of date. The publication of the A 1924–29 Light table, based upon the experience of certain selected offices whose mortality was lighter than average, has no doubt been helpful in providing a table which goes some way in the direction of the lower mortality rates of to-day. However, this table suffers from the disadvantage that, while the mortality rates at young ages are not low enough for current experience, at some of the older age-groups the rates are too low, with the consequence that the shape of the mortality curve does not accord with present conditions. The greatest proportionate reductions in mortality since 1924–29 have occurred at the younger ages, and there can be little doubt that a new table is needed to provide offices with an efficient and up-to-date instrument for life assurance calculations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rib Fractures due to Trauma

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Suphi Aydin ◽  
Ahmet Dumanli ◽  
Adem Gencer
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Bleeding ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Introduction and Aim: We aimed to evaluate the one-year mortality rates and the effect of comorbid diseases on mortality in patients with trauma and isolated rib fractures. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients who had trauma, isolated rib fracture between January 2016 and December 2016 and could be reached after one year after the trauma were included in the study. The files of the patients were scanned retrospectively. Age, gender, and length of hospital stay were recorded. After one-year follow-up, they were contacted by phone to evaluate the rates of additional disease and mortality. Results: 27 of the patients were female (30%), 63 of them were male (70%). Regarding the causes of injury, there were falls in 42 patients at most and in-vehicle traffic accidents in 35 patients. The mean age was 56.85 ± 16.33, the mean hospital stay was 4.04 ± 4.55 days. The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus in 13 patients and hypertension in 11 patients. The least detected additional diseases are; Ulcerative colitis, epilepsy, arrhythmia, gastroesophageal reflux, gastrointestinal bleeding, rheumatism, Alzheimer and Familial Mediterranean Fever in 1 patient each. One patient died who had gastrointestinal bleeding. Mortality rate was 1.11%. Conclusions: Post-traumatic rib fractures disrupt people's quality of life and cause morbidity and mortality. Although the risk of comorbid mortality increases, close follow-up is important in preventing or reducing mortality rates.

scholarly journals Mortality rates and life expectancy improvements among malaysian elderlies

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Nur Shatikah Mohamad Ibrahim ◽  
Syazreen Niza Shair ◽  
Aida Yuzi Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Elderly Males ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Almost All

<p>This paper presents a study on mortality rates and life expectancy improvements among elderly people in Malaysia. The central age-specific mortality rates will be analyzed according to genders. The expectation of future lifetime of these old age people will be estimated using the actuarial life table approach. Two different types of life table will be developed, including life table for males and females--- to compare the results of mortality rates and life expectancies between genders. Results show that, mortality rates of Malaysian elderly, for both males and females are increasing almost in linear pattern by age, and this trend is consistent from 1950 to 2015. Comparison between genders shows that mortality of elderly females is generally lower than males at almost all ages. Nonetheless, mortality rates of Malaysian elderly males are declining faster than Malaysian elderly females. Life expentancies of females are higher than males for age groups 60 to 70, and lower than males for age 75 and above. Results also indicate that Malaysian elderly popultion is aging faster from previous generation in which elderly males age 85+ in 2010-2015 can live longer by 123% than thise in 1950-1955.</p>

Gonad development and spawning in one and two year old mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Western Norway

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Duinker ◽  
Liv Håland ◽  
Peter Hovgaard ◽  
Stein Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Condition Indices ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Sexual maturation and spawning was followed in one and two year old rope cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis) from April to December. Development of gonad and storage tissue was followed using descriptive categories from histology, and development of total soft tissue was followed using meat yield and condition index.Both age groups were mature both during spring and autumn and had similar patterns of spawning and maturation. April and May were characterized by scattered spawning activity and accumulation of storage reserves at the same time, resulting in relative constant condition indices during this period. This was followed by ripening of the gonads and an increase in condition index that culminated in a spawning in late June. Parts of the population then entered a resting phase, while a part of the population underwent new maturation towards an autumn spawning in September. In December all the mussels had started the winter maturation.Condition index and meat yield were higher throughout the season in the one year old mussels. This was probably due to the sum of several factors, including differences in specific feeding rates and biomass density, rather than spawning.The present study is the first to compare the reproductive patterns over time of one and two year old mussels with reliable age determination, and provide information that there are no obvious differences in neither timing of gonad development nor spawning patterns between the age-classes.

scholarly journals Estimating local mortality tables for small areas: An application using Belgian sub-arrondissements

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Jon Anson
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Age And Sex

Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) may give a good estimate of the relative level of mortality in a local area, and its relation to local social conditions, but if we wish to understand changes in the age distribution of mortality as mortality declines, we need an estimate of the local mortality curve. Such fine detail can be elusive when examining small populations for which the number of people in each age group is small, the number of deaths minuscule, and estimation errors are large. A possible solution to this problem is to estimate age-specific mortality rates simultaneously for all the subunits of a particular country, using the reported number of deaths, by age and sex, for each unit as the input data. The national mortality rates then serve as a model from which local deviations, by age and sex, are estimated, on the basis of overall mortality (SMR) and local social conditions. We demonstrate this approach using data from 87 sub-national units in Belgium to construct local-level life tables, using a multilevel model with the local sex- and age-specific cells as units, nested within sex-age groups and regional units at the second level. The results indicate that life expectancy is closely related to SMR, but the specific shape of the mortality curve, in particular the range over which mid-life mortality is low and the age at which mortality begins to rise into senescence, varies by level of mortality and social conditions.

Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950-2006: Part 2: Graduated Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Straightforward Approach ◽  
Rate Of Improvement

ABSTRACTWe graduate the Irish mortality experience from 1950 to 2003 by mathematical formulae from ages 75 years and upwards. The shape of the mortality curve at advanced ages is shown to be different to that recorded in the official tables, with the curve best fitted with Kannisto's version of Perks's Law. Mortality rates show only a modest trend of improvement in the early decades, below improvements in other developed countries. We evaluate the various approaches suggested to date to extend the method of extinct generations so mortality rates for non-extinct generations can be estimated. It is shown that the key advantage of this method is not in correcting for age misstatements but in achieving a close correspondence between death counts and the exposed to risk. This insight allows a rather straightforward approach to estimating the mortality of non-extinct generations. Applying the approach, we show that there has been an acceleration in the rate of improvement in more recent decades, but secular improvements in Irish mortality at advanced ages still lag behind those of England and Wales.

Détermination Squelettochronologique de l'Ăge dans une Population de Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria, Iguanidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nouira ◽  
R. Barbault ◽  
M.E. Maury ◽  
J. Castanet
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Age Class ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Second Clutch

AbstractThe age of 103 specimens from a wild population of Cophosaurus texanus (Sauria, Iguanidae) from Mexico is determined by counting skeletal growth rings in the diaphysis of the humerus and phalanges. The skeletochronological analysis of 8 lizards ofknown age supports the practical value of the method. However, inacuracies do occur in practice for age assessement of a few specimens. I n the sample studied, we observed three main age groups (and possibly a fourth one based on a single specimen four years old). The one year age class is the most numerous, accounting for 75 % of the sample studied. Females lay eggs twice each summer with an interval of sixty days between each spawning. The use ofthe skeletochronological method also allows to sort out the individuals belonging to the first or to the second clutch, at every stage of their subsequent lives.

One-year Incidence and Standardized Mortality Rates for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Okello ◽  
Emmanuel B. BYARUHANGA ◽  
Boniface Amanee Elias LUMORI ◽  
Suzan Joan AKELLO ◽  
Emmanuel DWOMOH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Squamous Cell Cancer ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract Background: Little is known about the survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer in resource limited settings.Objectives: We sought to determine the incidence of one-year all-cause mortality and age-standardized mortality rates for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Uganda.Methods: Prospective cohort of 92 participants with histologically confirmed esophageal squamous cell cancer at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, southwestern Uganda. Participants were enrolled between January 2018 and March 2020 and followed until death. We used Kaplan-Meier methods to determine all-cause mortality and median survival time; Cox regression to determine predictors of survival; and determined age-standardized mortality rates (SMR) using the WHO standard population. Results: All 92 participants contributed a total 353.8 months at risk, 89 (96.7%) died representing an incidence rate of 251.5 (95% CI 204.3, 309.6) per 1000 person-months. The difference in the one-year risk of all-cause mortality among men and women was negative 6.4 percentage points. The overall SMR was 9.96 (95%CI 7.63, 12.29) per 100,000 and median survival time was 3.03 (95% CI 2.60, 3.47), shortest (1.77 months) among men younger than 45 and longest (7.77 months) among women aged 75 years or greater. In a fully adjusted model, high socioeconomic status predicted longer survival while increasing age and low socioeconomic status predicted shorter survival.Conclusion: After diagnosis, the one-year incidence rates of all-cause mortality and age-standardized mortality rates among ESCC patients in rural Uganda are high. Initiatives to improve access to oncology care for diagnosis and treatment should be prioritized to improve overall survival.

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