Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950-2006: Part 2: Graduated Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Straightforward Approach ◽  
Rate Of Improvement

ABSTRACTWe graduate the Irish mortality experience from 1950 to 2003 by mathematical formulae from ages 75 years and upwards. The shape of the mortality curve at advanced ages is shown to be different to that recorded in the official tables, with the curve best fitted with Kannisto's version of Perks's Law. Mortality rates show only a modest trend of improvement in the early decades, below improvements in other developed countries. We evaluate the various approaches suggested to date to extend the method of extinct generations so mortality rates for non-extinct generations can be estimated. It is shown that the key advantage of this method is not in correcting for age misstatements but in achieving a close correspondence between death counts and the exposed to risk. This insight allows a rather straightforward approach to estimating the mortality of non-extinct generations. Applying the approach, we show that there has been an acceleration in the rate of improvement in more recent decades, but secular improvements in Irish mortality at advanced ages still lag behind those of England and Wales.

scholarly journals On Estimate of Malaysian Mortality Rates Using Interpolation Methods

MATEMATIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Nur Idayu Ah Khaliludin ◽  
Zarina Mohd Khalid ◽  
Haliza Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Spline Method ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Life table is a table that shows mortality experience of a nation. However, in Malaysia, the information in this table is provided in the five-year age groups (abridged) instead of every one-year age. Hence, this study aims to estimate the one-year age mortality rates from the abridged mortality rates using several interpolation methods. We applied Kostaki method and the Akima spline method to five sets of Malaysian group mortality rates ranging from period of 2012 to 2016. The results were then compared with the one-year mortality rates. We found that the method by Akima is the best method for the Malaysian mortality experience as it gives the least minimum of sum of square errors. The method does not only provide a good fit but also, shows a smooth mortality curve.

Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950-2006: Part 1: Crude Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
Death Count

ABSTRACTWe examine the data and techniques underlying the estimation of mortality rates at older ages in Ireland since 1950. Previous attempts to elucidate the level and trends in mortality at advanced ages in Ireland have been frustrated by significant non-random biases arising from age exaggeration and age heaping, together with a lack of correspondence, growing with increasing age, between the exposed-to-risk estimated from census data and the death count from registration data. Applying the method of extinct generations, we re-estimate crude mortality rates and report the somewhat unexpected result that mortality rates were lower, and did not increase as steeply with age, than those recorded in the official Irish Life Tables. The reestimated crude rates show, for both sexes, a very slight decrease in mortality rates between the 1950s and 1980s up to age 90 years, with no improvement discernible at older ages. Improvements at advanced ages in Ireland have lagged behind those in England and Wales and other developed countries over the same period. The companion paper,Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950–2006: Part 2: Graduated Rates, Whelan (2009), graduates the crude rates and extends the method of extinct generations to estimate mortality rates of more recent, still surviving, generations.

Observations Arising from “The Graduation of Pensioners' and of Annuitants' Mortality Experience 1967-70”

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 161-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Archer ◽  
R. J. Hyder ◽  
J. J. McCutcheon ◽  
J. C. McIntosh ◽  
W. F. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Mortality Change

SynopsisWritten concurrently with the first item in C.M.I.R.3, the Faculty of Actuaries Mortality Research Group's paper determines a range within which mortality rates of Life Office Pensioners may be expected to change in the foreseeable future. Comparisons are made between the observed changes in pensioner mortality rates and those observed for the population of England and Wales, and reference is also made to the trends of mortality rates assumed in recent British population projections. From these considerations two forecasts are made, based upon “optimistic” and “pessimistic” future mortality assumptions, between which it is expected the actual future rates of mortality change will lie.In the second part of the paper the financial effects of the range of forecasts are set out, when used to project the graduated pensioner Mortality Experience 1967-70 (C.M.I.R., 2, 57). The implications are illustrated in the context of two model funds, one based upon life offices' data, and the other based upon a non-insured pension scheme for which the contribution rates vary in accordance with the levels of future expected pensioner mortality.

scholarly journals An experimental factor analysis of cancer mortality in England and Wales 1921–30

1952 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Buckatzsch ◽  
Richard Doll
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Male Body ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Cancer Of The Rectum ◽  
Cancer Of The Stomach ◽  
Method Of Principal Components ◽  
Special Factor

A Factor Analysis has been made of the co-variation between the mortality rates from cancer of ten male body sites and of eight female body sites, in thirty large towns in England and Wales from 1921 to 1930. The method of analysis adopted is Hotelling's method of Principal Components.Four male and four female Factors are obtained, which together account for approximately three-quarters of the total variance.A Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the larynx, oesophagus, stomach and tongue in men and with cancer of the stomach and negatively with cancer of the breast and ovaries in women. In both sexes, the Factors are associated with an index of adverse social conditions.Another Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the rectum and bladder in men and this Factor is associated with good social conditions.A special Factor associated with cancer of the colon is unrelated to the mortality from cancer of other sites, save that in women it is negatively associated with cancer of the rectum.A Factor for cancer of the lung in men is unrelated to cancer of the larynx, and is inversely related to cancer of the tongue.We are most grateful to Dr Percy Stocks, late of the General Register Office, and to Dr W. P. D. Logan, Chief Medical Statistician of the General Register Office, for their help in providing us with the relevant basic material; and to Miss E. M. Hines, Miss A. H. Huntley and Miss M. Rogers for assistance in the calculations.

The recent trend of mortality in Great Britain

1981 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422
Author(s):  
C. D. Daykin
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Annual Series ◽  
Previous Note

This note continues an annual series on mortality rates in Great Britain; the previous note in the series appeared in J.I.A. 107, 529 and dealt with mortality in 1978. Tables 1 and 2 below show central death-rates for Great Britain for the years from 1966 to 1979 and Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios of these rates to the corresponding average rates for the three years 1970–72, which have been taken as a standard. Death-rates in this form for the years from 1961 to 1978 have been published in earlier notes in this series. The rates for 1979 have been calculated using the deaths recorded as occurring in Great Britain in 1979 and the ‘home’ population at 30 June 1979, i.e. the number of people actually in the country at the time, as estimated by the Registrars General of England and Wales and of Scotland.

scholarly journals Spatial Approach to Diseases of Affluence Epidemiology and Regional Economic Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
Alicja Olejnik ◽  
Agata Żółtaszek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Spatial Approach

Abstract Diseases of affluence (of the 21st c.) by definition should have higher prevalence and/or mortality rates in richer and more developed countries than in poorer, underdeveloped states (where diseases of poverty are more common). Therefore, it has been indicated that it is civilizational progress that makes us sick. On the other hand, substantial financial resources, highly qualified medical personnel, and the cutting-edge technology of richer states, should allow for effective preventions, diagnostics, and treatment of diseases of poverty and of affluence. Therefore, a dilemma arises: is progress making us sick or curing us? To evaluate the influence of country socioeconomic and technological development on population health, a spatial analysis of the epidemiology of diseases of affluence and distribution of economic resources for European NUTS 2 has been performed. The main aim of this paper is to assess, how regional diversity in the prevalence of diseases of affluence is related to the regional development of regions.

scholarly journals Mortality rates in pediatric septic shock

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desy Rusmawatiningtyas ◽  
Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Fluid Overload ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Survival Group

Background Septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children admitted to the intensive care unit. Recent investigations from developed countries have reported mortality rates of 20-30%. Few studies have reported mortality rates from pediatric septic shock in intensive care settings in developing countries with limited resources.  Objective  To determine the current mortality rates for pediatric patients with septic shock in a developing country.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at DR. Sardjito General Hospital. Medical records and charts were reviewed and recorded for diagnoses of septic shock, from November 1st, 2011 to June 30th, 2014. Results  A database of all PICU admissions was assembled, and cases with diagnoses of septic shock were reviewed. The final data consisted of 136 patients diagnosed with septic shock. Septic shock was defined as a clinical suspicion of sepsis, manifested by hyperthermia or hypothermia, and accompanied by hypoperfusion  The overall mortality rate for the study cohort was 88.2%.  The median age of patients was 16 months, with 52.2% males. Median initial PRISM III and PELOD scores were 10 and 22, respectively. The median length of PICU stay was 4 days. A total of 48.5% of the subjects were in need of crystalloid and colloid fluid at a median amount of 40 mL/kg. The median time required to complete the initial resuscitation was 60 minutes. Mechanical ventilator support in the first 24 hours was required in 79.4% of the cases. Fluid overload of > 10% (FO>10%) was found in 58.8% of the subjects.Conclusion The mortality rate in pediatric septic shock in our hospital is very high. There is a higher incidence of fluid overload in the non-survival group .

scholarly journals Drugs Implicated, Mortality and Use of Corticosteroids in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Cases: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Sunil Dogra ◽  
Samir Malhotra ◽  
Promila Pandhi ◽  
Sharonjeet Kaur ◽  
Sujit Rajagopalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Nonsignificant Difference ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

ABSTRACT Background Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare idiosyncratic mucocutaneous reaction associated with high mortality. Drugs are most commonly implicated in TEN. The treatment constitutes stopping the offending drug, along with symptomatic management. In this study, we searched for case reports/series of TEN and analyzed data to find the most commonly implicated drugs in TEN, effects of use of corticosteroids on mortality in TEN patients, changing trends in mortality over the past 3 decades and difference in mortality rates in both developing and developed countries. Materials and methods We searched for case reports/series of TEN to evaluate most commonly implicated drugs in TEN, effects of use of corticosteroids on mortality in TEN patients, changing trends in mortality over the past three decades and difference in mortality rates in both developing and developed countries. Results Antibiotics (28.6%) followed by antiepileptics (17.4%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (9.6%) are most commonly implicated. There was nonsignificant decrease in mortality among steroids users as compared to nonusers (OR = 2.0, CI 0.96-4.24). During the period between 1980 and 1989 the reported mortality in TEN cases was approximately 33.4%, which decreased to 27% in the next two decades. There was a nonsignificant difference in mortality in develo- ping countries as compared to developed countries (OR: 0.70, CI 0.32-1.53). Conclusion Corticosteroids have been associated with non significant reduction in the mortality. Apart from this, mortality did not differ over years together in both developing and developed countries. How to cite this article Kaur S, Rajagopalan S, Shafiq N, Dogra S, Srinivasan A, Pandhi P, Malhotra S. Drugs Implicated, Mortality and Use of Corticosteroids in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Cases: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):132-138.

The current potential of tobacco harm reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Tobacco Harm Reduction ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Laboratory Workers ◽  
Behavioural Therapies ◽  
Current Potential

Smoking is the cause of the highest number of cancers and chronic diseases as well as the highest mortality rates in developed countries. Despite a variety of methods to combat tobacco dependence (behavioural therapies, nicotine replacement therapy, pharmacotherapy), the decrease in the number of smokers is slow. Alternative forms of nicotine delivery, which have been introduced in the consumer market in recent years, may help reduce harm caused by smoking in individuals for whom smoking cessation is not feasible. These include electronic cigarettes and more recently developed smokeless tobacco products. Due to the absence of tobacco combustion in these products, the number of harmful compounds inhaled by the user is significantly reduced compared to tobacco smoke. Based on previous studies, a number of prestigious organizations express their positive opinion on the reduced adverse effects on health following transition from conventional tobacco products to electronic cigarettes, while expressing their concern over the continued dependence of the users of these devices on nicotine as well as the risk of nicotine addiction among adolescents. Most of the few reports on their harmfulness were published by laboratory workers employed by tobacco companies. It seems, however, that these new products can actually reduce tobacco-related damage, but to what extent it remains to be seen.

Retrospective analysis of neonatal deaths secondary to infections in England and Wales, 2013–2015

2020 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-319093
Author(s):  
Godwin Oligbu ◽  
Leila Ahmed ◽  
Laura Ferraras-Antolin ◽  
Shamez Ladhani
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Related Mortality

ObjectiveTo estimate the overall and infection-related neonatal mortality rate and the pathogens responsible using electronic death registrations.DesignRetrospective analysis of national electronic death registrations data.SettingEngland and Wales.PatientsNeonates aged <28 days.Main outcome measuresOverall and infection-related mortality rate per 1000 live births in term, preterm (28–36 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks) neonates; the contribution of infections and specific pathogens; comparison with mortality rates in 2003–2005.ResultsThe neonatal mortality rate during 2013–2015 (2.4/1000 live births; 5095 deaths) was 31% lower than in 2003–2005 (3.5/1000; 6700 deaths). Infection-related neonatal mortality rate in 2013–2015 (0.32/1000; n=669) was 20% lower compared with 2003–2015 (0.40/1000; n=768), respectively. Infections were responsible for 13.1% (669/5095) of neonatal deaths during 2013–2015 and 11.5% (768/6700) during 2003–2005. Of the infection-related deaths, 44.2% (296/669) were in term, 19.9% (133/669) preterm and 35.9% (240/669) extremely preterm neonates. Compared with term infants (0.15/1000 live births), infection-related mortality rate was 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.7 to 7.2) higher in preterm (0.90/1000) and 188-fold (95% CI 157 to 223) higher in extremely preterm infants (28.7/1000) during 2013–2015. A pathogen was recorded in 448 (67%) registrations: 400 (89.3%) were bacterial, 37 (8.3%) viral and 11 (2.4%) fungal. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was reported in 30.4% (49/161) of records that specified a bacterial infection and 7.3% (49/669) of infection-related deaths.ConclusionsOverall and infection-related neonatal mortality rates have declined, but the contribution of infection and of specific pathogens has not changed. Further preventive measures, including antenatal GBS vaccine may be required to prevent the single most common cause of infection-related deaths in neonates.

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