Effects of the position in a stem on the variability of tracheids in spruce (Picea abies /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

The paper is aimed at the field of the microscopic structure of wood dealing with the description of the most important anatomic element in softwood – tracheids in a stem with the occurrence of reaction wood. Significant changes of tracheids were found along the height and radius of a stem. There were statistically significant differences between particular annual rings (variability along the stem radius). The height of a stem was also statistically significant. On the basis of the results obtained 3D models were created (for zones compression wood, opposite wood and site wood; models for radial dimension an early-wood tracheid and late-wood tracheid) depicting changes in transverse dimensions of the spruce tracheid in relation to its position in a stem. Structure of ring with compression wood was studied too. It was observed that the ring with occurrence of compression wood has a following structure: early wood tracheids at the beginning of the growing season, transitional tracheids, compression tracheids and at the end of an annual ring typical late wood tracheids. The rings with compression wood show more tracheids as compared with annual rings from the opposite side.

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Effect of the position in a stem on the length of tracheids in spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/4591-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 203-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Gryc ◽

P. Horáček

Keyword(s):

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Models ◽

Stem Length ◽

Data Sets ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Partial Explanation ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

Late Wood ◽

Wood Tracheid

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of tracheid dimensions in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes in dimensions were found in early-wood and late-wood tracheids along the stem length and radius. There were statistically significant differences (variability along the radius) between particular annual rings. The height of 22 m showed statistically significant differences as compared with other heights (variability along the height). Differences between the length of early-wood and late-wood tracheids were not corroborated in zones CW, OW and SWL. Only in the SWP zone, statistically significant differences were found. Data sets (early-wood and late-wood tracheids) from the CW zone showed statistically significant differences as compared with other zones. On the basis of the results obtained, 3D models were created (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones; models for an early-wood and late-wood tracheid) describing changes in tracheid dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem. In the models, the length of tracheids decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the length of tracheids increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings on the structure of spruce wood. In addition to this, the paper can contribute to the partial explanation of the different behaviour of physical and mechanical properties of wood in particular parts of the spruce stem.

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Resin canals in spruce (Picea abis /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200553010085 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 85-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vladimír Gryc ◽

Petr Horáček

Keyword(s):

Compression Wood ◽

3D Models ◽

Resin Canal ◽

The Other ◽

Stem Length ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

Other Hand ◽

Resin Canals

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

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Cross-field pitting characteristics of compression, lateral, and opposite wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00002107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 48-60

Author(s):

Byantara Darsan Purusatama ◽

Nam Hun Kim

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

The Cross ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract The characteristics of cross-field pitting among compression wood, lateral wood, and opposite wood, in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, compression wood exhibited piceoid pits, while lateral and opposite wood exhibited cupressoid pits. The compression wood of Pinus densiflora exhibited cupressoid pits and piceoid pits, while lateral wood and opposite wood exhibited pinoid and window-like pits in the cross-field. In both species, compression wood yielded the smallest pit number among each part, while opposite wood yielded the greatest pit number per cross-field. Cross-field pitting diameters of compression wood and opposite wood were significantly smaller than lateral wood in Ginkgo biloba, while the cross-field pitting of compression wood was the smallest in Pinus densiflora. Radial tracheid diameter of compression wood was slightly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Ginkgo biloba and significantly smaller than lateral and opposite wood in Pinus densiflora. In conclusion, the cross-field pitting type, pit number, and cross-field pitting diameter could be used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

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Variability of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) compression strength with present reaction wood

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/13/2009-jfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 415-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Gryc ◽

H. Vavrčík

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Compression Strength ◽

Compression Wood ◽

3D Models ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Stem Height ◽

Direction Parallel ◽

Strength Limit ◽

Wood Compression ◽

Wood Strength

The aim of research was to find out the variability of spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.]) Karst.) wood compression strength limits in the direction parallel to grain. The wood strength was examined using samples from a tree with present reaction (compression) wood. The strength was found out for individual stem zones (CW, OW, SWL and SWR). The zone with present compression wood (CW) demonstrated slightly higher values of wood strength limits. The differences in the limits of compression strength parallel to grain in individual zones were not statistically significant. All the data acquired by measuring were used to create 3D models for each zone. The models describe the strength along the radius and along the stem height. The change of strength along the stem radius was statistically highly significant. There was an obvious tendency towards an increase in the strength limit in the first 40 years. With the increased stem height, there is a slight decrease in wood strength.

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Strength and stiffness of the reaction wood in five Eucalyptus species

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2018-0091 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 219-222

Author(s):

Bruno Charles Dias Soares ◽

José Tarcísio Lima ◽

Selma Lopes Goulart ◽

Claudineia Olímpia de Assis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Tension Wood ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Vertical Position ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Average Slope ◽

Strength And Stiffness

AbstractTree stems deviating from the vertical position react by the formation of tension wood (TW) or compression wood (CW), which are called in general as reaction wood (RW), in which the cells are modified chemically and anatomically. The focus of the present work is the mechanical behavior of TW in five 37-year-oldEucalyptusspecies, which were grown on a planting area with an average slope of 28% leading to decentralized pith in the trees, which is an unequivocal indication of the presence of RW. TW and opposite wood (OW) samples were isolated and subjected to a compression-parallel-to-grain test. It was observed that TW is less resistant and less stiff than the OW.

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Variability in density of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) wood with the presence of reaction wood

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/2146-jfs ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 129-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

V. Gryc ◽

P. Horáček

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Wood Density ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Wood Properties ◽

3D Models ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Stem Height ◽

Sample Tree

The study was aimed to assess the integral value that determines wood properties − wood density at a moisture content of 0% and 12%. The wood density was researched in a sample tree with the presence of reaction compression wood. The density was determined for individual zones (CW, OW, SWL and SWR). The zone where compression wood (CW) is present has a higher density than the remaining zones. On the basis of the acquired data, 3D models were created for individual zones; they describe the variability of wood density along the stem radius and stem height. The influence of the radius seems to be a statistically highly significant factor. The wood density is significantly higher in samples with the presence of compression wood. When the proportion of compression wood in the sample was 80%, the wood density was 1.5 times higher compared to wood without compression wood.

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Lignin and carbohydrate variation with earlywood, latewood, and compression wood content of bent and straight ramets of a radiata pine clone

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2010.016 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

R. Paul Kibblewhite ◽

Ian D. Suckling ◽

Robert Evans ◽

Jennifer C. Grace ◽

Mark J.C. Riddell

Keyword(s):

Radial Direction ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Growth Layer ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Radial Dimension ◽

Wood Content

Abstract Changes in lignin and carbohydrate content with radial direction, growth-layer number, compression wood (CW) severity, and earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) origin are described for one near-ground position in each of a severely bent and a nominally straight ramet (tree) of a clone (genotype) of Pinus radiata. Bark-to-bark strips were taken through the pith and the longest radial dimension of the CW side of the discs. Separate EW and LW samples were obtained for most growth layers, yielding a total of 95 samples. Differences in lignin and carbohydrate content between EW and LW were large where CW formation was moderate and small where it was severe. Mannose content was consistently different in the EW and LW of opposite wood (OW) and CW. Results suggested that the inner juvenile wood of OW rings might contain either a galactose-rich galactoglucomannan or a β-1,4-galactan. Consideration of all 95 samples showed that although the contents of galactose, lignin, glucose, and mannose were linearly and strongly correlated with one another, their relationship with xylose and arabinose content was non-linear.

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Influence of position within the tree stem according to growth-ring width of spruce (Picea abies /L./ KARST.) with compression wood

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200452040059 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 59-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vladimír Gryc ◽

Jiří Holan

Keyword(s):

Picea Abies ◽

Compression Wood ◽

Annual Ring ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Ring Width ◽

Annual Rings ◽

Annual Ring Width ◽

Late Wood ◽

Growth Ring Width ◽

Tree Stem

The work was focused on problematics of annual-rings width according to position within the tree stem. Annual-ring widths, ratio of late wood and early wood by spruce with compression wood were investigated. Statistically significant differencies of individual zones in tree were occured. Zone of compression wood showed bigger width of annual-rings, common occurence of late wood and higher percentual ratio of late wood. Obtained results agree with common results in literature. Variability of annual-ring width according to position within the tree stem was confirmed. Width of annual-ring was changed mainly according to radius of stem. In height position within the stem no more significant variability of annual-ring width was observed.

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Characterizing compression wood formed in radiata pine branches

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000073 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 385-394

Author(s):

Xinguo Li ◽

Robert Evans ◽

Washington Gapare ◽

Xiaohui Yang ◽

Harry X. Wu

Keyword(s):

Compression Wood ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Marked Change ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Cambial Age ◽

Cellulose Microfibril Orientation ◽

Secondary Wall Formation

The formation of reaction wood is an adaptive feature of trees in response to various mechanical forces. In gymnosperms, reaction wood consists of compression wood (CW) and opposite wood (OW) that are formed on the underside and upperside of bent trunks and branches. Although reaction wood formed in bent trunks has been extensively investigated, relatively little has been reported from conifer branches. In this study SilviScan® technology was used to characterize radiata pine branches at high resolution. Compared to OW formed in the branches, CW showed greater growth, darker colour, thicker tracheid walls, higher coarseness, larger microfibril angle (MFA), higher wood density, lower extensional stiffness and smaller internal specific surface area. However, tracheids of CW were similar to those of OW in their radial and tangential diameters. These results indicated that gravity influenced tracheid cell division and secondary wall formation but had limited impact on primary wall expansion. Furthermore, seasonal patterns of CW formation were not observed in the branches from cambial age 4 while earlywood and latewood were clearly separated in all rings of OW. The marked change of MFA during reaction wood formation suggested that branches could be ideal materials for further study of cellulose microfibril orientation.

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QUALITY OF REACTION WOOD IN Eucalyptus TREES TILTED BY WIND FOR PULP PRODUCTION

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201723032286 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 291-297

Author(s):

Walter Torezani Neto Boschetti ◽

Juarez Benigno Paes ◽

Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽

Marina Donária Chaves Arantes ◽

João Gabriel Missia da Silva

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Basic Density ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Normal Wood ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Opposite Wood ◽

Holocellulose Content

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the quality of normal, tension and opposite wood of eucalyptus trees lengthwise, in straight and inclined stems, affected by wind action. It also aims to explain the pulping parameters resultant from the quality of the wood. The trees were grouped into four tilt ranges, ranging from 0 to 50º, and the basic density, chemical composition of the wood, and performance in kraft pulping were assessed. Normal and tension wood had similar basic densities; while for opposite wood, the density was lower, being responsible for a decrease in reaction wood density. The chemical composition of the wood was influenced by the presence of reaction wood in the stem. Tension and opposite wood showed lower levels of extractives and lignin and higher holocellulose content when compared to normal wood, with favorable wood quality for pulping. The increase in holocellulose content and the reduction of lignin and extractives content contributed positively to a more delignified pulp and reduction of the Kappa number. However, after cooking the reaction wood under the same conditions as those of normal wood, reaction wood pulping tends to have a lower screen yields. Due to differences in basic density and chemical constituents between opposite and normal wood, it is recommended not to designate the opposite wood as normal wood.

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