The Presidents’ Orders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Belco ◽  
Brandon Rottinghaus
Keyword(s):  
Data Set ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 3 describes the data collected and evaluates the trends over time. The data include executive orders and proclamations, the two most prominent types of unilateral orders. The data set includes a total of more than 2,400 unilateral orders issued from President Gerald Ford to President George W. Bush from 1974 to 2009.

US academic libraries' staffing and expenditure trends (1996–2016)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4/5) ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Starr Hoffman ◽  
Samantha Godbey
Keyword(s):  
Academic Libraries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Doctoral Institutions ◽  
Over Time

PurposeThis paper explores trends over time in library staffing and staffing expenditures among two- and four-year colleges and universities in the United States.Design/methodology/approachResearchers merged and analyzed data from 1996 to 2016 from the National Center for Education Statistics for over 3,500 libraries at postsecondary institutions. This study is primarily descriptive in nature and addresses the research questions: How do staffing trends in academic libraries over this period of time relate to Carnegie classification and institution size? How do trends in library staffing expenditures over this period of time correspond to these same variables?FindingsAcross all institutions, on average, total library staff decreased from 1998 to 2012. Numbers of librarians declined at master’s and doctoral institutions between 1998 and 2016. Numbers of students per librarian increased over time in each Carnegie and size category. Average inflation-adjusted staffing expenditures have remained steady for master's, baccalaureate and associate's institutions. Salaries as a percent of library budget decreased only among doctoral institutions and institutions with 20,000 or more students.Originality/valueThis is a valuable study of trends over time, which has been difficult without downloading and merging separate data sets from multiple government sources. As a result, few studies have taken such an approach to this data. Consequently, institutions and libraries are making decisions about resource allocation based on only a fraction of the available data. Academic libraries can use this study and the resulting data set to benchmark key staffing characteristics.

Changes in species composition of the demersal fish community in nearshore waters of Kodiak Island, Alaska

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz J Mueter ◽  
Brenda L Norcross
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Trawl Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Forage Fishes ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

We examined the species composition of the demersal fish and shrimp community in seven different areas in the nearshore waters of Kodiak Island based on trawl survey data. A major part of the variability in the data set was attributed to trends over time, indicating a significant change in species composition in the early 1980s. Results agree with work by others and show a shift from a community dominated by shrimp and small forage fishes to one dominated by large piscivorous gadid and flatfish species. The shift occurred rather abruptly in most areas between 1980 and 1982, but the pattern of change differed significantly among areas. Correlations between trends in the two groups of species were weak but were consistent with the hypothesis that the decline in shrimp and forage fishes followed, rather than preceded, the increase in large piscivorous fishes. The results suggest predation as a possible mechanism to explain the observed changes.

scholarly journals Survey Nonresponse Trends and Fieldwork Effort in the 21st Century: Results of an International Study across Countries and Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke Luiten ◽  
Joop Hox ◽  
Edith de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
International Study ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Survey Nonresponse ◽  
Present Trend ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFor more than three decades, declining response rates have been of concern to both survey methodologists and practitioners. Still, international comparative studies have been scarce. In one of the first international trend analyses for the period 1980–1997, De Leeuw and De Heer (2002) describe that response rates declined over the years and that countries differed in response rates and nonresponse trends. In this article, we continued where De Leeuw and De Heer (2002) stopped, and present trend data for the next period 1998–2015 from National Statistical Institutes. When we looked at trends over time in this new data set, we found that response rates are still declining over the years. Furthermore, nonresponse trends do differ over countries, but not over surveys. Some countries show a steeper decline in response than others, but all types of surveys show the same downward trend. The differences in (non)response trends over countries can be partly explained by differences in survey design between the countries. Finally, for some countries cost indicators were available, these showed that costs increased over the years and are negatively correlated with noncontact rates.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Fröhlich ◽  
Abiodun Williams
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
International Context ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Executive Action ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way ◽  
Guiding Questions

The Conclusion returns to the guiding questions introduced in the Introduction, looking at the way in which the book’s chapters answered them. As such, it identifies recurring themes, experiences, structures, motives, and trends over time. By summarizing the result of the chapters’ research into the interaction between the Secretaries-General and the Security Council, some lessons are identified on the changing calculus of appointments, the conditions and relevance of the international context, the impact of different personalities in that interaction, the changes in agenda and composition of the Council as well as different formats of interaction and different challenges to be met in the realm of peace and security, administration, and reform, as well as concepts and norms. Taken together, they also illustrate the potential and limitations of UN executive action.

scholarly journals Back in Time for Breakfast: An Analysis of the Changing Breakfast Cereal Aisle

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Emilie Croisier ◽  
Jaimee Hughes ◽  
Stephanie Duncombe ◽  
Sara Grafenauer
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Over Time

Breakfast cereal improves overall diet quality yet is under constant scrutiny with assertions that the category has not improved over time. This study aimed to comprehensively analyse the category of breakfast cereals, the nutritional values, and health claims across eight distinct sub-categories at four time points (2013, 2015, 2018, and 2020). An audit of products from four major supermarkets in metropolitan Sydney (Aldi, Coles, IGA, and Woolworths) collected ingredient lists, nutrition information, claims and Health Star Rating (HSR) for biscuits and bites; brans; bubbles, puffs, and flakes; granola and clusters; hot cereal flavoured; hot cereal plain; muesli; breakfast biscuits. The median (IQR) were calculated for energy, protein, fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, sugars, dietary fibre, and sodium for comparisons over time points by nutrient. Data from 2013 was compared with 2020 (by sub-category and then for a sub-section of common products available at each time point). Product numbers between 2013 (n = 283) and 2020 (n = 543) almost doubled, led by granola and clusters. Whole grain cereals ≥ 8 g/serve made up 67% of products (↑114%). While there were positive changes in nutrient composition over time within the full data set, the most notable changes were in the nutrition composition of cereals marketed as the same product in both years (n = 134); with decreases in mean carbohydrate (2%), sugar (10%) and sodium (16%) (p < 0.000), while protein and total fat increased significantly (p = 0.036; p = 0.021). Claims regarding Dietary Fibre and Whole Grain doubled since 2013. Analysis of sub-categories of breakfast cereal assisted in identifying some changes over time, but products common to both timeframes provided a clearer analysis of change within the breakfast category, following introduction of HSR. Whole grain products were lower in the two target nutrients, sodium and sugars, and well-chosen products represent a better choice within this category.

Trends over time in the use of laparoscopic hysterectomy for the treatment of endometrial cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Kroft ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Refik Saskin ◽  
Laurie Elit ◽  
Marcus Q. Bernardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time
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