scholarly journals Wheeling and Dealing

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (04) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
John Varrasi
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
French And English

This article highlights the inventiveness of engineers that made the auto trade big business in the early 20th century. While lacking the fame and name recognition of others in the US automobile business around the time of World War I, Lloyd R. Smith’s contribution to the industry was major. The A.O. Smith frame plant stands as a vivid case study on the role of engineering and technical innovation in the emergence and growth of the automobile industry. At the start of the 20th century, the gasoline engine initially competed for popularity with the electric motor, which was used on French and English roads. The electric motor was cleaner and easier to shift. It was considered more reliable and safer. The story of the automobile is told around images and symbols of speed and power, beauty and elegance, freedom and open roads. For ASME and the mechanical engineering community, the automobile is also about technological progress and engineering achievement beginning with the 20th century and building for a100 years.

scholarly journals California and the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-36
Author(s):  
Diane M. T. North
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Installations

The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic remains the deadliest influenza pandemic in recorded history. It started in the midst of World War I and killed an estimated 50–100 million people worldwide, many from complications of pneumonia. Approximately 500 million, or one-third of the world's population, became infected. In the United States, an estimated 850,000 died. The exceptionally contagious, unknown strain of influenza virus spread rapidly and attacked all ages, but it especially targeted young adults (ages twenty to forty-four). This essay examines the evolution of four waves of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, emphasizes the role of the U.S. Navy and sea travel as the initial transmitters of the virus in the United States, and focuses on California communities and military installations as a case study in the response to the crisis. Although the world war, limited medical science, and the unknown nature of the virus made it extremely difficult to fight the disease, the responses of national, state, and community leaders to the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic can provide useful lessons in 2020, as the onslaught of COVID-19 forces people worldwide to confront a terrible illness and death.

The Effect of the American Export Invasion on the British Boot and Shoe Industry 1885–1914

1968 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Church
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
British Industry ◽  
Shoe Industry ◽  
American Export ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact

Recent articles have drawn attention to the general significance of the American export “invasion” in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Novack and Simon have concentrated on the origins of the invasion and on the attitudes of American businessmen, and to a lesser extent of others, to it. Elsewhere, Saul has considered the impact of intensified American competition upon British industry, underlining the need to reexamine the process of industrial transformation particularly during the two decades pre-ceding World War I. In the latter connection, the fundamental changes that occurred in the British boot and shoe industry, both in terms of rapidity and extent, make a case study of its history during this period especially rewarding, culminating, as it did, in a “Victory for British Boots”—the title of an article in The Economist in 1913. While the fact of successful response on the part of the industry is well known, the circumstances under which the trans-formation took place and the various elements which together produced the effective industrial counterattack have received less attention. In this article an attempt is made to remedy these deficiencies, to explain why the industry responded so successfully, and in particular to examine the role of American shoe machinery makers in this process, for in terms of control they virtually monopolized the supply of boot and shoe machinery in Britain toward the end of our period.

Liturgy and Violence in Christianity—a Case Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
Benedikt Kranemann
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
Worship Services ◽  
Different Dimensions

AbstractReligious rituals and worship services within the context of violence and war are the topic of this article. It investigates the role of different dimensions of such liturgies and their encouragement and legitimization, but also their delegitimization of war. The textual example, on which this article is based, is a small Catholic prayer book for soldiers from World War I. The thesis is that liturgy and forms of piety have a very formative character by means of their emotionality and associations, but also through corporeity, repetition, etc. Liturgy and piety can have a great but very different impact on the communication of war and violence. The article focuses on some of the central prayers and other texts from this prayer book as concrete examples for the article's argument.

scholarly journals Становлення професійного середовища пам'яткоохоронців в українських землях (друга половина ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Novak
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Culture Heritage

The article deals with the analysis of the main forms of scientific communication between the monumental-protection researches at the second half of 19th – early of 20th century. The background of grow of interests to the domestic historical and culture heritage are described. The role of the Archeological Congresses in Russian Empire in the researching and popularization of Ukrainian historical and culture heritage are defined. It is also shown at the different stages between the first Archeological Congress (1869) to the World War I. The significant role of Ukrainian historians in the process of verification of information about domestic monuments is proved. The conclusion is made that the grow of interests of public to monuments of previous epochs in this period are helped to institutionalization of monumental-protection activities and spread of systematic researches of historical and culture heritage of the Ukraine.

scholarly journals ‘“The whistle blows, and we are whisked into a tunnel”: Railways and the Environment in Illawarra, 1850s–1915’

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-152
Author(s):  
André Brett ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
World War ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
History Of

Historians are becoming alert to the large role of railways in environmental history. To date, many studies in Australasia focus on a specific industry, such as timber. It is now worth turning to the distinctive local or regional effects of railways beyond a single industry or commodity, so to better understand the links between technology, environment, and place. Illawarra presents a valuable case study. The environmental history of the first decades of rail transport exposes how Wollongong and its region industrialised and the ways in which this process affected everything from primary producers to the sounds of daily life. This article takes in the 1850s through to the start of World War I (WWI), a period when rail transport grew from being the adjunct of a few coal mines into an essential common carrier. It progresses through a series of themes that show the economic, social, and cultural attributes that shaped and were shaped by the railway environment. It begins with the railway as a carrier: the extent to which trains fulfilled their intended role to transport Illawarra’s natural resources to Sydney and other markets. It then moves on to the railway as a consumer, putting the local environment to work for its benefit and requiring materials made from resources of distant lands. Railways did more than carry or consume resources; they created their own environment and provided new perspectives on nature. Trains brought people closer to nature, carried them into new—and dangerous—environments in tunnels, and transformed the sonic landscape. Rail travel differed significantly to horseback or sea voyages in capacity and speed, and by WWI it was enmeshed in Illawarra’s environment.

scholarly journals The Response of the Official Washington to the Development of Political Situation in Russia at the End of 1917– in Early 1918

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Yekaterina Sergeyevna Yurchenko
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Post War

The present study considers the attitude of the US government to the development of the political cri-sis in Russia in November 1917 – March 1918. The author examines the main factors that influenced the position of the official Washington in relation to the opposing parties to the conflict during this peri-od: the beginning of separate negotiations between the Soviet government and Germany, the lack of unity in the anti-Bolshevist camp, the desire of the allies to use the situation in Russia in order to real-ize their own interests. Particular attention is paid to the White House’s striving to preserve a single cen-tral government in Russia during World War I and the desire of American leadership to distance itself from direct intervention in the conflict and thus maintain the possibility to interact with all opposing sides. The study evaluates the role of this stage in the evolution of the US government's views on the “Russian question” and its impact on the implemen-tation of the American program on a post-war peaceful settlement.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Lengel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
American Military ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Western Front ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
General Studies

The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, lasting from 26 September 1918 to 11 November 1918, constituted the largest and bloodiest engagement of American forces in World War I. Part of a series of concentric attacks devised by Marshal Ferdinand Foch against German positions on the Western Front in the autumn of 1918, it aimed at the capture of the important railway junction at Mézières, which supplied a large portion of the German forces in France. German forces in this area did not enjoy the luxury of trading space for time, and they were under orders to defend to the last. The offensive is usually said to have resulted in 120,000 American casualties, including 26,000 dead, most of them having fallen in the offensive’s first three weeks. Combat in the Meuse-Argonne was extremely intensive, and had a profound effect on all who participated in it, but whether it impacted the development of American military doctrine is debatable. The Meuse-Argonne is controversial in the sense that American historians have tended to emphasize its importance in overall operations on the Western Front in 1918, while many European historians have dismissed it as insignificant. Comparatively little has been published about the offensive in either article or book form. Only four general studies have been published—in 1919, 1987, 2007, and 2008—but none of these works are comprehensive in scope. Scattered writings exist on various aspects of the offensive, from celebrated heroes, such as Alvin C. York, to individual episodes, such as the saga of the Lost Battalion or the attack on Montfaucon. Numerous articles have been published, mostly in the 1930s and 1960s, about the role of artillery and gas warfare units in the offensive; however, aside from a single-volume collection of essays to be published in 2014, not much has been written about infantry combat, tanks and aircraft, or the problems of logistics and command. Next to nothing has appeared in any language on German or French participation in the Meuse-Argonne. Published American personal accounts exist in abundance, however, and vast archival sources remain untapped in the National Archives and at the US Army Heritage and Education Center in Carlisle, PA.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

Global Pests, National Pride, Local Problems, and the Crisis of Hungarian Wine, 1867–1914

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Robert Nemes
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
National Imagination ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Rich History

Abstract Hungary has a long, rich history of wine production. Historians have emphasized wine's importance to the development of both the Hungarian economy and Hungarian nationalism. This article ties together these historiographical threads through a case study of a small village in one of Hungary's most famous wine regions. Tracing the village's history from the 1860s to World War I, the article makes three main claims. First, it demonstrates that from the start, this remote village belonged to wider networks of trade and exchange that stretched across the surrounding region, state, and continent. Second, it shows that even as Magyar elites celebrated the folk culture and peasant smallholders of this region, they also cheered the introduction of what they saw as scientific, rational agriculture. This leads to the last argument: wine achieved its place in the pantheon of Hungarian culture at a moment when the local communities that had grown up around its production and stirred the national imagination were undergoing dramatic and irreversible change.

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