Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties of 63Sn/37Pb Solder Alloy

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Q. Shi ◽  
W. Zhou ◽  
H. L. J. Pang ◽  
Z. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Manner

In this study, tensile tests of 63Sn/37Pb solder were carried out at various strain rates from 10−5 s−1 to 10−1 s−1 over a wide temperature range from −40°C to 125°C to study the effect of strain rate and testing temperature on the mechanical properties in a systematic manner. Based on these experimental data, a set of empirical formulae was derived by a statistical method to describe the effect of temperature and strain rate in a quantitative manner and explain the variation in the mechanical properties published in other reports. It is concluded that the empirical formulae can be used to characterize the mechanical properties of 63Sn/37Pb over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates.

scholarly journals New Approach In The Properties Evaluation Of Ultrafine-Grained OFHC Copper

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kvačkaj ◽  
A. Kováčová ◽  
J. Bidulská ◽  
R. Bidulský ◽  
R. Kočičko
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Ofhc Copper ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Ultrafine Grained ◽  
Reduction Of Area ◽  
Pin On Disk

AbstractIn this study, static, dynamic and tribological properties of ultrafine-grained (UFG) oxygen-free high thermal conductivity (OFHC) copper were investigated in detail. In order to evaluate the mechanical behaviour at different strain rates, OFHC copper was tested using two devices resulting in static and dynamic regimes. Moreover, the copper was subjected to two different processing methods, which made possible to study the influence of structure. The study of strain rate and microstructure was focused on progress in the mechanical properties after tensile tests. It was found that the strain rate is an important parameter affecting mechanical properties of copper. The ultimate tensile strength increased with the strain rate increasing and this effect was more visible at high strain rates$({\dot \varepsilon} \sim 10^2 \;{\rm{s}}^{ - 1} )$. However, the reduction of area had a different progress depending on microstructural features of materials (coarse-grained vs. ultrafine-grained structure) and introduced strain rate conditions during plastic deformation (static vs. dynamic regime). The wear behaviour of copper was investigated through pin-on-disk tests. The wear tracks examination showed that the delamination and the mild oxidational wears are the main wear mechanisms.

Effect of Si Content on Fracture Behaviour Change by Strain Rate in Si Steels

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 1303-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Mizuguchi ◽  
Ryota Oouchi ◽  
Rintaro Ueji ◽  
Yasuhiro Tanaka ◽  
Kazunari Shinagawa
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Work Hardening Rate ◽  
Brittle Fractures ◽  
Mechanism Transition ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Si Addition

Fracture behaviour transitions due to change in the strain rate in steels with various Si content ranging from 2% to 5 wt% were studied. Room-temperature tensile tests were conducted over wide range of strain rates ranging from 10-3 s-1 to 103 s-1. Concerning of the steels with low Si content (no more than 3%), the nominal stress - nominal strain curves represented both uniform and local elongations at all strain rates. On the other hand, in 4% Si steel at a strain rate higher than 101 s-1, the tensile sample broke down without local elongation (necking). The stress at breaking was found to be nearly equal to its work hardening rate. The strain rate at which fracture behaviour transition took place in 5% Si steel (10-1s-1) was lower than that in 4% Si steel. TEM observations clarified the existence of deformation twins in the sample that fractured without necking. These results indicated that Si addition is subject to the brittle fractures and that the fracture mechanism transition is closely related with the deformation twinning behaviour.

Investigation of Dynamic Strain Ageing Effects of Low Alloy Steels 15Kh2MFA and 15Kh2NMFA

2005 ◽  
Vol 482 ◽  
pp. 367-370
Author(s):  
Miroslava Ernestová
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Dynamic Strain Ageing ◽  
Strain Ageing ◽  
Lower Strain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alloy Steels

The paper summarizes results of tensile tests in low alloy steel (LAS) specimens (steels 15Kh2MFA and 15Kh2NMFA). Slow Strain Rate Tensile tests (SSRT) were performed in air at temperatures from 22 to 325°C over a wide range of strain rates from 2.5×10-6 to 1.67×10-3 s-1. The possible effect of strain rate and temperature to mechanical properties of tested LAS is searched for. The dynamic strain ageing (DSA) was observed within certain temperature ranges at lower strain rates tested and its hardening effect in terms of the maximum strengthening stress decreased linearly with the increase of log strain rate. It has been found that the occurrence of susceptibility to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of tested steels in high temperature water (HTW) is corelated to the DSA behavior. The result suggest that DSA reduces ductility of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel and its role in enhancing the EAC of RPV steels should not be neglected, in view of the coincidence with susceptibility zones for DSA and EAC in terms of strain rate and temperature. A reasonable coincidence was observed between the susceptibility to DSA exhibited by SSRT in air and with the EAC behavior observed in laboratory experiments.

High Strain Rate Mechanical Properties of SAC-Q Between -65°C and +200°C After Exposure to Isothermal Aging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Lall ◽  
Vishal Mehta ◽  
Jeff Suhling ◽  
Ken Blecker
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Isothermal Aging ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Solder Alloys ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
Electronic Parts

Abstract In many industries, such as automotive, oil and gas, aerospace, medical technologies, electronic parts can often be exposed to high strain loads during shocks, vibrations and drop-impact conditions. Such electronic parts can often be subjected to extreme low and high temperatures ranging from −65°C to 200°C. Also, these electronic devices can be subjected to strain rates of 1 to 100 per second in the critical environment. Recently, many doped SAC solder alloys are being introduced in the electronic component including SAC-Q, SAC-R, Innolot. SAC-Q is made with addition of Bi in Sn-Ag-Cu composition. Mechanical characteristic results and data for lead-free solder alloys are extremely important for optimizing electronic package reliability, at high temperature storage and elevated strain rates. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of solder alloys can be changed significantly due to a thermal aging, which is causing modification of microstructure. Data for the SAC-Q solder alloy with a high temp aging and testing at extreme low to high operating temperatures are not available. SAC-Q material was tested and analyzed for this study at range of operating temperatures of −65°C to 200°C and at a strain rate up to 75 per second. After the specimens were manufactured and reflowed, specimens were stored at 100°C for the isothermal aging for up to 90 days, before tensile tests were carried out at different operating temperatures. For the wide range of strain rates and test temperatures, stress-strain curves are established. In addition, the measured experimental results and data were fitted to the Anand viscoplasticity model and the Anand constants were calculated by estimating the stress-strain behavior measured in the wide range of operating temperatures and strain rates.

scholarly journals Effects of Testing Temperature on the Serration Behavior of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy with Natural and Artificial Aging in Sharp Indentation

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
Tsuyoshi Kami ◽  
Nagahisa Ogasawara
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Uniaxial Test ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Solute Atoms

Serration phenomena, in which stress fluctuates in a saw-tooth shape, occur when a uniaxial test is performed on an aluminum alloy containing a solid solution of solute atoms. The appearance of the serrations is affected by the strain rate and temperature. Indentation tests enable the evaluation of a wide range of strain rates in a single test and are a convenient test method for evaluating serration phenomena. Previously, the serrations caused by indentation at room temperature were clarified using strain rate as an index. In this study, we considered ambient temperature as another possible influential factor. We clarify, through experimentation, the effect of temperature on the serration phenomenon caused by indentation. An Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy (7075 aluminum alloy) was used as the specimen. The aging phenomenon was controlled by varying the testing temperature of the solution-treated specimen. Furthermore, the material properties obtained by indentation were evaluated. By varying the testing temperature, the presence and amount of precipitation were controlled and the number of solute atoms was varied. Additionally, the diffusion of solute atoms was controlled by maintaining the displacement during indentations, and a favorable environment for the occurrence of serrations was induced. The obtained results reveal that the variations in the serrations formed in the loading curvature obtained via indentation are attributed to the extent of interaction between the solute atoms and the dislocations.

The Effect of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Single Crystal NiAl

1990 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Lahrman ◽  
R.D. Field ◽  
R. Darolia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Deformation Mechanisms ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Work Hardening Rate ◽  
Crystallographic Orientations

ABSTRACTIn this study, the strain rate sensitivity of single crystal NiAl has been investigated by performing tensile tests as a function of temperature and two strain rates. Three crystallographic orientations, [100], [110], and [111] were studied. The tensile test results investigated include yield strength, work hardening rate and plastic strain to failure. The data are discussed in terms of deformation mechanisms in NiAl.

scholarly journals Intermediate Strain Rate Testing Devices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trunal Bhujangrao
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Strain Rate ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Intermediate Strain Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rate Testing ◽  
Rate Test

The existing experimental tests are mainly designed to study the mechanical response of materials at various strain rates. Many researchers performed the experimental test in tension, compression, and shear (with torsion test) over a wide range of strain rates. They found out that material exhibits an increase in yield stress as well as flows stress with an increase in strain rate. It illustrates that there is a need for experimental data to study the material behaviour over the full range of strain rates, from quasi-static to high strain rate test. Many special techniques have been developed to bridge the strain rate gap between quasi-static and high strain rate testing to provide a method for an intermediate strain rate test for engineering materials. Some researchers have tried to conduct intermediate strain rate tests with standard servo-hydraulic load frames. However, the results of such tests are not accurate. The problem is that during the experiment, the whole machine is not in static equilibrium. The inertial effect influences the experimental data. The records obtained from these machines are often noisy with large oscillation. therefore, the comprehensive review is given to describes the development and evolution of the existing intermediate strain rate testing devices which includes the working principles, some critical theories, technological innovation in load measurement techniques, components of the device, basic technical assumption, and measuring techniques. In addition, some research direction on future implementation and development of an intermediate strain rate apparatus is also discussed in detail.

Prediction of Flow Stress for Superplastic Tension Deformation

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 1501-1504
Author(s):  
Zhi Ping Guan ◽  
Ming Wen Ren ◽  
Pin Kui Ma ◽  
Po Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Superplastic Flow ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Wide Range

With the development of numerical calculation and precision forming, constitutive equations are required to possess high accuracy and good reliability, rather than simplicity of mathematical form. Due to simple algorithm and constant parameters, the conventional constitutive models can not be suited to describing superplastic flow behavior which represents complex responses with a large strain. In this study, through surface fitting on experimental data from tension tests performed over a wide range of strain rates, tensile velocities and loads, an empirical approach was proposed to establish constitutive equation for complex superplastic behavior of Zn-5%Al alloy at 340 °C. The empirical constitutive equation not only represents the strain dependence and the strain rate dependence of stress, but also reflects the coupling effects of strain and strain rate on stress, which can not be achieved by traditional models. A comparison between the predicted flow stresses and the experimental data verified that the empirical constitutive equation has high accuracy and good reliability on modeling superplastic flow behavior of Zn-5%Al alloy at 340 °C in a wide range of strains 0~2.5 and strain rates 7.0×10-5~8.0×10-2s-1.

A novel model to predict the stiffness and strength of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different strain rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 2853-2871
Author(s):  
Alireza Khademi ◽  
Mahmood M Shokrieh ◽  
Shahram Etemad Haghighi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Unidirectional Glass

In the present research, a novel rate-dependent micromechanical model was presented to predict the stiffness and strength of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites. To predict the strain-rate dependent stress–strain behavior of glass fibers, using the Maxwell model with the aid of semi-empirical relations, a new viscoelastic constitutive model was proposed. Moreover, to predict the strain-rate dependent ultimate strength of brittle glass fibers, the elasto-plastic strain-rate dependent Cowper-Symonds material model was simplified by deleting the plastic terms. The strain-rate dependent mechanical properties of the polymer were also investigated by using the modified Goldberg model. Then, by modifying the Mori-Tanaka micromechanical model, a rate dependent micromechanical model was developed to predict the effective elastic properties (stiffness and strength) of unidirectional fibrous composites at arbitrary strain rates. The present model was called the strain-rate dependent Mori-Tanaka micromechanical model. As inputs, the present model just needs the viscoelastic and viscoplastic properties of fibers and polymer. Therefore, the present model reduces the necessary experimental data to predict the rate-dependent mechanical properties of unidirectional composites. For verification of the present model, the results were compared with experimental data and very good consistency in predicting the rate-dependent behavior of unidirectional composites was observed.

Multiscale Material Modeling and Simulation of the Mechanical Behavior of Dual Phase Steels Under Different Strain Rates: Parametric Study and Optimization

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek M. Belgasam ◽  
Hussein M. Zbib
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Microstructure Parameters ◽  
Dp Steels

Recent studies on developing dual phase (DP) steels showed that the combination of strength/ductility could be significantly improved when changing the volume fraction and grain size of phases in the microstructure depending on microstructure properties. Consequently, DP steel manufacturers are interested in predicting microstructure properties as well as optimizing microstructure design at different strain rate conditions. In this work, a microstructure-based approach using a multiscale material and structure model was developed. The approach examined the mechanical behavior of DP steels using virtual tensile tests with a full micro-macro multiscale material model to identify specific mechanical properties. Microstructures with varied ferrite grain sizes, martensite volume fractions, and carbon content in DP steels were also studied. The influence of these microscopic parameters at different strain rates on the mechanical properties of DP steels was examined numerically using a full micro-macro multiscale finite element method. An elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model and a response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine the optimum microstructure parameters for a required combination of strength/ductility at different strain rates. The results from the numerical simulations were compared with experimental results found in the literature. The developed methodology proved to be a powerful tool for studying the effect and interaction of key strain rate sensitivity and microstructure parameters on mechanical behavior and thus can be used to identify optimum microstructural conditions at different strain rates.

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