Combustion Gas Properties: Part II—Prediction of Partial Pressures of CO2 and H2O in Combustion Gases of Aviation and Diesel Fuels

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
O¨. L. Gu¨lder
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Empirical formulae are presented by means of which the partial pressures of CO2 and H2O in the combustion gases of aviation fuel-air and diesel fuel-air systems can be calculated as functions of pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio of the fuel. The formulae have been developed by fitting the data from a detailed chemical equilibrium code to a functional expression. Comparisons of the results from the proposed formulae with the results obtained from a chemical equilibrium code have shown that the mean absolute error in predicted partial pressures is around 0.8 percent. These formulae provide a very fast and easy means of predicting partial pressures of CO2 and H2O as compared to equilibrium calculations, and they are also applicable to gasolines, residual fuels, and pure alkanes and aromatics as well as aviation and diesel fuels.

Combustion Gas Properties: Part III—Prediction of the Thermodynamic Properties of Combustion Gases of Aviation and Diesel Fuels

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
O¨mer L. Gu¨lder
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Wide Range

Empirical formulae are presented by means of which the specific heat, mean molecular weight, density, and specific heat ratio of aviation fuel-air and diesel fuel-air systems can be calculated as functions of pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio of the fuel. The formulae have been developed by fitting the data from a detailed chemical equilibrium code to a functional expression. Comparisons of the results from the proposed formulae with the results obtained from a chemical equilibrium code have shown that the mean absolute error in predicted specific heat is 0.8 percent, and that for molecular weight is 0.25 percent. These formulae provide a very fast and easy means of predicting the thermodynamic properties of combustion gases as compared to detailed equilibrium calculations, and they are also valid for a wide range of complex hydrocarbon mixtures and pure hydrocarbons as well as aviation and diesel fuels.

Flame Temperature Estimation of Conventional and Future Jet Fuels

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
O¨. L. Gu¨lder
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Temperature Estimation ◽  
Diesel Fuels

An approximate formula is presented by means of which the adiabatic flame temperature of jet fuel-air systems can be calculated as functions of pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio of the fuel. The formula has been developed by fitting of the data from a detailed chemical equilibrium code to a functional expression. Comparisons of the results from the proposed formula with the results obtained from a chemical equilibrium code have shown that the average error in estimated temperatures is around 0.4 percent, the maximum error being less than 0.8 percent. This formula provides a very fast and easy means of predicting flame temperatures as compared to thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, and it is also applicable to diesel fuels, gasolines, pure alkanes, and aromatics as well as jet fuels.

scholarly journals Emissions and In-Cylinder Combustion Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch and Conventional Diesel Fuels in a Modern CI Engine

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G. Sappok ◽  
Jeremy T. Llaniguez ◽  
Joseph Acar ◽  
Victor W. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Derived from natural gas, coal, and even biomass Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuels have a number of very desirable properties. The potential for emissions reduction with F-T diesel fuels in laboratory engine tests and on-road vehicle tests is well documented. While a number of chemical and physical characteristics of F-T fuels have been attributed to the observed reduction in emissions, the actual effects of both the fuel properties and in-cylinder combustion characteristics in modern diesel engines are still not well understood. In this study a 2002, six-cylinder, 5.9 liter, Cummins ISB 300 diesel engine, outfitted with an in-cylinder pressure transducer. was subjected to a subset of the Euro III 13-mode test cycle under steady-state operating conditions. Emissions and in-cylinder pressure measurements were conducted for neat F-T diesel, low sulfur diesel (LSD), ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), and a blend of FT/LSD. In addition, a detailed chemical analysis of the fuels was carried out. The differences in the measured combustion characteristics and fuel properties were compared to the emissions variations between the fuels studied, and an explanation for the observed emissions behavior of the fuels was developed.

Simulation of H2-Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame by the Partial Chemical Equilibrium Method

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazui Fukumoto ◽  
Yoshifumi Ogami
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Flame ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Equilibrium Method ◽  
Dissipation Model ◽  
Partial Chemical

This paper describes an application of the partial chemical equilibrium method considered chemical kinetics in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this method, fuels and oxidants are mixed at a turbulent rate so that a mixture gas of fuel and oxygen is generated. Next, the mixture gas of fuel and oxygen is burnt by molecular diffusion thereby resulting in combustion gases. The turbulent mixture rate is estimated by the eddy dissipation model and the burning velocity is evaluated by the Arrhenius equation. Finally, the combustion products are calculated by the chemical equilibrium method by using the combustion gases. One of the advantages of this method is its ability to calculate the combustion products without using chemical equations. The chemical equilibrium method requires only thermo-chemical functions (specific heat, standard enthalpy, etc). This method can be applied to incinerators or some complex combustion instruments and it can predict the intermediate chemical species of dioxins, etc.

Simulation of H2-Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame by the Combustion Model Using Chemical Equilibrium Combined With the Eddy Dissipation Concept

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazui Fukumoto ◽  
Yoshifumi Ogami
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Diffusion Flame ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Flame ◽  
Chemical Mechanisms ◽  
Equilibrium Method ◽  
Detailed Chemical

This research aims at developing a turbulent diffusion combustion model based on the chemical equilibrium method and chemical kinetics for simplifying complex chemical mechanisms. This paper presents a combustion model based on the chemical equilibrium method and the eddy dissipation concept (CE-EDC model); the CE-EDC model is validated by simulating a H2-air turbulent diffusion flame. In this model, the reaction rate of fuels and intermediate species is estimated by using the equations of the EDC model. Further, the reacted fuels and intermediate species are assumed to be in chemical equilibrium; the amount of the other species is determined from the amount of the reacted fuels, intermediate species, and air as reactants by using the Gibbs free energy minimization method. An advantage of the CE-EDC model is that the amount of the combustion products can be determined without using detailed chemical mechanisms. The results obtained by using this model were in good agreement with the experimental and computational data obtained by using the EDC model. Using this model, the amount of combustion products can be calculated without using detailed chemical mechanisms. Further, the accuracy of this model is same as that of the EDC model.

Investigation of a Steam Reforming System of Methane Integrated With a Combustion Burner

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonguen Park ◽  
Shinku Lee ◽  
Joongmyeon Bae ◽  
Myungjun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Steam Reformer ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Fuel Feed ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Reactor Temperature

The objective of this study is to analyze the steam reforming system using numerical method. The system consists of a cylindrical-type steam reformer and a combustion burner. Heat is supplied to the endothermic steam reformer by the combustion gases which flow around the reformer. Eddy Break-Up (EBU) model is incorporated for the combustion reaction, and pseudo-homogeneous model is used for the steam reforming reaction. The temperature at the reformer center and the concentration of species at the outlet are compared with the measured data for code validation. The correlation between the performances and the shapes of the system has been studied by using two different configurations. One has the flame guide between the combustion burner and the steam reformer, and the other does not. The flame guide makes the flow of the combustion gas changed. The operating parameters are reactant flow rates which are supplied to the steam reformer and the combustion burner. Reactor temperature profiles, heat transfer rates, fuel conversion, and the hydrogen yields are calculated as the numerical results. Moreover, fuel feed ratio between the burner and the reformer is also manipulated as an operating parameter to discuss about efficiency.

Detailed chemical equilibrium model for porous ablative materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 1034-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Lachaud ◽  
Tom van Eekelen ◽  
James B. Scoggins ◽  
Thierry E. Magin ◽  
Nagi N. Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium Model ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Numerical Analysis of a Steam Reformer Coupled With a Combustion Burner

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonguen Park ◽  
Joongmyeon Bae ◽  
Shinku Lee ◽  
Myungjun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Steam Reformer ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Fuel Feed ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Reactor Temperature

This study focuses on a numerical simulation of a steam reforming system. The steam reforming system consisted of a cylindrical steam reformer and a combustion burner. The heat was supplied to an endothermic steam reformer from combustion gases. The correlation between the performance and the shape of the system was studied using two different configurations. The first configuration utilized a flame guide between the combustion burner and the steam reformer, whereas the other did not. The flame guide changed the flow of the combustion gas, which affected the heat transfer rate from the burner to the reformer. Reactor temperature profiles, heat transfer rates, fuel conversions, and hydrogen yields were calculated. In addition, the fuel feed ratio between the burner and the steam reformer was manipulated as an operating parameter.

A Novel Wild-Land Fire-Fighting Foam for Minimizing the Phytotoxicity of Wood Burning-Derived Smoke Tested in Living Plant Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 725-733
Author(s):  
Atsuko Noriyasu ◽  
Kohei Otsuka ◽  
Yuki Ishizaki ◽  
Yutaka Tanaike ◽  
Ken Matsuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Cedar ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Major Hydrocarbon

Impact of wild-land fires to the ecosystem is highly complex. Damages to the ecosystem can be attributed not only to the direct impact of fire and release of toxic post-combustion gasses but also to the spraying of fire-fighting chemicals. Fire-fighting foam (FFF) agents are frequently applied for controls in wild-land fires including forest fire. However, effects of FFFs on the composition of the post-combustion gasses and the phytotoxicity of smoke derived from burning woods have not been determined to date. In the present study, with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), we have analyzed the chemical composition of the gasses derived from wood slices exposed to two distinct manners of combustion, namely, smoldering (gradual combustion without flame) and rapid burning (combustion with flame). Tested samples include slices of Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress, and Western hemlock. The amount of hydrocarbons, detected in the post-combustion gas such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, hexane, formaldehyde, acrolein and phenol, were higher in the gasses from smoldered samples. The major hydrocarbon found in the post-combustion gases processed in the presence of pilot flame was methane. Other hydrocarbons were hardly detectable. Addition of FFFs, namely, a soap-based FFF (designated as MK-08) and a detergent co cocktail-based FFF (Phos-chek) onto wooden slices resulted in slight increase in other hydrocarbons in the gasses derived from flame-driven combustion of wood slices. Interestingly, addition of Phos-chek drastically elevated the phytotoxicity of post-combustion gas derived from Western hemlock slices heated in the presence of pilot flame when assessed using the suspension cultured tobacco cells. In contrast, the soap-based FFF tested here did not alter the phytotoxicity of the post-combustion gasses, suggesting that soap-based FFF might minimize the impact of the fire-fighting activity to the living plants consisting the ecosystem in the forests and wild-land.

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