Study on Two-Phase Fuel Distributions in High-Speed Hot Transverse Air Stream

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-490
Author(s):  
Mao-lin Yang ◽  
Shan-jian Gu ◽  
Xiang-yi Li

It was found that fuel distribution in a hot high-speed transverse air stream differed greatly from that in a cold stream. In a hot air stream there exist two-phase fuel distributions, and hence, two mass center lines extending downstream. Experimental results of fuel distributions are presented. By using the model of trajectory with diffusion and also considering the fuel evaporation, a semi-empirical method to predict two-phase fuel distributions has been developed.

Author(s):  
Yang Mao-Lin ◽  
Gu Shan-Jian ◽  
Li Xiang-Yi

It was found that fuel distribution in a hot high speed transverse air stream differed greatly from that in a cold stream. In a hot air stream there exist two-phase fuel distributions, hence, two mass center lines extending downstream. Experimental results of fuel distributions are presented. By using the model of trajectory with diffusion and also considering the fuel evaporation, a semi-empirical method to predict two-phase fuel distributions has been developed.


Author(s):  
HZ Jin ◽  
SQ Gao ◽  
HL Zhao ◽  
C Wang ◽  
GF Ou

Bubble cap structures are researched for the particle erosion wear of the distribution plate (tray for short) in an S Zorb desulfurization reactor. The semi-empirical model of erosion wear prediction of gas–solid two-phase flow is revised by means of erosion wear experiments at high temperature and high speed. According to the revised erosion wear, the influence of the h0 (the distance from the bottom of the bubble cap to the tray), h1 (distance from the outlet of the lifting pipe to the top of the bubble cap interface), N (the number of cavities), d0 (the inner diameter of bubble cap) on erosion wear of trays are studied. The results show that a smaller h0 will make the erosion degree of the tray more serious; it is recommended to keep h0 = 17 mm. A larger h1 will alleviate the erosion wear degree of adsorbent particles on the tray, but considering the efficiency of the reaction, h1 = 36 mm is more appropriate. The increase of N reduces the erosion wear less but enhances the fluid disturbance and makes the erosion wear area unstable; so, N should be kept at 10. The increase of d0 reduces the velocity and density of fluid impacting the tray, thus reducing the erosion wear degree, which is an effective means.


Author(s):  
Ken Yamamoto ◽  
Satoshi Ogata

Visualization and pressure drop measurements of water–air two-phase flow in circular microchannels (d = 486 μm) was conducted. In order to investigate effects of the flow rates and T-junction size on the pressure drop of the two-phase slug flow, three test channels containing various T-junctions (136, 194, and 252 μm) were prepared. The measured pressure drop was compared with the results from semi-empirical model and theoretical model, and it was found that the experimental data generally agreed with the theoretical model. However, the pressure drop increased as the T-junction size decreased. In order to detect the causes of this increase in pressure drop, effects of the velocity fluctuation on the pressure drop were investigated. The velocity fluctuations were measured from the recorded images that were obtained by a high-speed camera. Although it was found that the instantaneous velocity fluctuated in large amplitudes and its cycle was synchronized with a period of the bubble pinch-off, the effects of the velocity fluctuation were negligible on the pressure drop. Finally, from a scaling analysis, it was suggested that the bubble overpressure was the cause of the increase in pressure drop.


Author(s):  
Yang Mao-lin ◽  
Gu Shan-jian ◽  
Liu Gao-en ◽  
Li Xiang-yi

The results of an experimental investigation of fuel distribution downstream of a plain orifice injector in a transverse air stream are presented. The fuel concentration distribution at the survey plane downstream of the injector was determined with an iso-kinetic sampling technique and the pattern of fuel distribution was described. The empirical expressions for the centreline of a fuel spray (which was defined as the maximum fuel concentration line or penetration distance of the fuel jet) and for the peak value of the fuel concentration were obtained. An empirical method is proposed to predict the liquid fuel concentration distribution in the plane downstream of the injector and the fuel despersion contour line.


1967 ◽  
Vol 71 (675) ◽  
pp. 216-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Wooler

In recent years there has been considerable interest in the possibility of providing high speed aircraft with the capability of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL). One method for achieving V/STOL is to use lifting engines or fans, the aerodynamic interference effects of which are not yet fully understood. Experimental work on this problem has been done by Jordinson, Otis, Vogler and research workers at the British Aircraft Cor-poration, but no satisfactory theoretical analysis is known. The object of this paper is to put forward a semi-empirical method for predicting the aerodynamic interference of an exhausting jet on a uniform mainstream flow past a wing.


Author(s):  
Л.А. Коткас ◽  
А.А. Ржавцев

Транспортировка измельченной древесины по трубопроводу, особенно на значительные расстояния,- это крупная научно-техническая проблема, имеющая ряд аспектов, как технологических, так и социально-экономических. Сегодня существует множество подходов к математическому моделированию потока древесной пульпы, но ни один из них не дает полностью надежных и достоверных результатов, а также не имеет практического применения. Поэтому рассматриваемая тема актуальна. Поток древесно-водной пульпы представляет собой поток частиц щепы, взвешенных в турбулентной жидкости. Для разработки математического аппарата, нужного для описания турбулентных течений, применяются положения полуэмпирической теории. Одним из первых ученых, положивших начало развитию полуэмпирического метода, был французский ученый Буссинеск, который предположил, что турбулентность вызывает перемешивание между слоями не микроскопических частиц, а конечных объемов среды. Также решающие шаги в развитии полуэмпирического подхода к теории турбулентности сделаны Джеффри Тейлором, Людвигом Прандтлем и Теодором фон Карманом. В настоящее время используются труды таких ученых, как Юфин, Трайнис, Смолдырев, Дюранд. В их теориях основную роль играют понятия «путь перемешивания», «интенсивность турбулентности», «коэффициенты турбулентной вязкости, теплопроводности и диффузии». Особое значение в разработке полуэмпирических методов расчета основных характеристик взвесенесущего потока в рамках пульсационной теории имеют исследования И.С. Крыля. Результаты этих исследований стали главной составной частью теоретических расчетов по гидротранспорту древесной щепы в статье Б.М. Нуллера, А.Н. Минаева. Это стало возможным с появлением фундаментальных исследований природы турбулентности, и, как следствие, появлением теории статистической гидромеханики. Развитие теории связано с исследованиями Колмогорова, а также Баренблата, Монина, Обухова, Нигматулина, Яглома. На основе этих исследований произошло развитие теории гидротранспорта, которая получила название пульсационной, или дискретной, теории. Одним из главных положений этой теории является утверждение о том, что энергия взвешивания частиц в потоке берется из пульсационного движения, характерного для турбулентного течения. Рассмотрены как труды зарубежных ученых, так и результаты российских исследований в этой области. Даны рекомендации для дальнейшей разработки методов проектирования промышленного гидротранспорта измельченной древесины. Wood pulp transportation by a pipeline, especially over long distances, it is a major scientific and technical problem, which has a number of aspects, as well as technological and socio-economic. Nowadays there are many approaches of pulp flow mathematical modeling, but none of them are appropriate for getting reliable and accurate results, and does not have the practical use. Therefore, the topic under consideration is relevant. The wood pulp flow is a stream of particles suspended in a turbulent fluid. The provisions of the semi-empirical theory were applied for the development of the mathematical apparatus necessary for the description of turbulent flows. One of the first scientists who laid the foundation for the development of semi-empirical method was a French scientist Valentin Joseph Boussinesq, who suggested that the turbulence causes mixing between the layers are not microscopic particles, and the final volume of the medium. Also decisive steps in the development of a semi-empirical approach to the theory of turbulence was made by Jeffrey Taylor, Ludwig Prandtl and Theodore von Karman. Currently there are works of authors such as A.P.Yufin, V.V. Traynis, A.E. Smoldyrev, D.M. Newitt. In their theory the fundamental role play concepts suchas the mixing length, turbulence intensity, the coefficients of turbulent viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion. The particular importance in the development of semi-empirical methods of calculating the basic characteristics of suspended flow within the pulsation theory have studies of I.S. Kryl. The results of these studies were the main part of the theoretical calculations on the wood pulp transportation in the article by B.M. er, A.M. Minaev. It became possible with the advent of fundamental research turbulent nature and, as a consequence, the emergence of the theory of statistical hydrodynamics. Development of the theory associated with the studies of A.N. Kolmogorov, as well as G.N. Barenblat, A.S. Monin, A.M. Obukhov, R.I. Nigmatulin, A.M. Yaglom. The basis of these studies was the development of the theory of hydraulic transport, which is called a discrete or the pulsation theory. One of the main provisions of this theory is the statement that the energy for weighting particles in the flow is taken from the pulsating movements characteristic of turbulent flow. The articles of foreign authors are considered as well as data of Russian research in this field. There are recommendations in this article for further development of methods of designing industrial wood pulp flow hydraulic transport.


2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Chu ◽  
Chenwu Fan ◽  
Paul R. Gefken

Prediction of a rigid body falling through water column with a high speed (such as Mk-84 bomb) needs formulas for drag/lift and torque coefficients, which depend on various physical processes such as free surface penetration and bubbles. A semi-empirical method is developed in this study to determine the drag/lift and torque coefficients for a fast-moving rigid body in a water column. The theoretical part is to derive the relationships (called diagnostic relationships) between (drag, lift, and torque) coefficients and (position and orientation) of the rigid body from the three momentum equations and the three moment of momentum equations. The empirical part is to collect data of trajectory and orientation of a fast-moving rigid body using multiple high-speed video cameras (10,000 Hz). Substitution of the digital photographic data into the theoretical relationships leads to semi-empirical formulas of drag/lift and torque coefficients, which are functions of the Reynolds number, attack angle, and rotation rate. This method was verified by 1/12th Mk-84 bomb strike experiment with various tail configurations (tail section with four fins, two fins, and no fin and no-tail section) conducted at the SRI test site. The cost of this method is much lower than the traditional method using the wind tunnel. Various trajectory patterns are found for different tail configurations.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lucas ◽  
George Barnes

We present the results of direct dynamics simulations and DFT calculations aimed at elucidating the effect of \textit{O}-sulfonation on the collision induced dissociation for serine. Towards this end, direct dynamics simulations of both serine and sulfoserine were performed at multiple collision energies and theoretical mass spectra obtained. Comparisons to experimental results are favorable for both systems. Peaks related to the sulfo group are identified and the reaction dynamics explored. In particular, three significant peaks (m\z 106, 88, and 81) seen in the theoretical mass spectrum directly related to the sulfo group are analyzed as well as major peaks shared by both systems. Our analysis shows that the m\z 106 peaks result from intramolecular rearrangements, intermolecular proton transfer among complexes composed of initial fragmentation products, and at high energy side-chain fragmentation. The \mz 88 peak was found to contain multiple constitutional isomers, including a previously unconsidered, low energy structure. It was also seen that the RM1 semi empirical method was not able to obtain all of the major peaks seen in experiment for sulfoserine. In contrast, PM6 did obtain all major experimental peaks.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int

The full conformational space of N-formyl-L-alanine-amide was explored by the semi-empirical method AM1 coupled to the Multi Niche Crowding (MNC) genetic algorithm implemented in a package of programs developed in our laboratory. The structural and energy analysis of the resulting conformational space E(,ψ) exhibits 5 regions or minima ɣL, ɣD, ɛL, D and αD. The technique provides better detection of local and global minima within a reasonable time.


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