Acorn (Quercus frainetto L.) Kernel Oil as an Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production in Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hülya Karabaş
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Quercus Frainetto ◽  
Alternative Feedstock ◽  
Acid Esterification

The acorn (Quercus frainetto L.) kernel oil is extracted from the kernels of the acorn that is grown in Sakarya which is in the Marmara region, Turkey. Acorn kernel oil (AKO) is obtained in 10 wt. %, by solvent extraction. Acorn kernel oil is investigated as an alternative feedstock for the production of a biodiesel fuel. The fatty acid profile of the oil consists primarily of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Before processing alkalin transesterification reaction, the high free fatty acid (FFA) of the crude acorn kernel oil is decreased by using acid esterification method. Biodiesel is prepared from acorn kernel (AK) by transesterification of the acid esterified oil with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The maximum oil to ester conversion was 90%. The viscosity of biodiesel is closer to that of diesel and the heating value is about 6.4% less than that of petroleum diesel No. 2. All of the measured properties of the produced acorn kernel oil methyl ester (AKOME) are being compared to the current quality requirements according to EN14214 and ASTM D 6751. The comparison shows that the methyl esters of acorn kernel oil could be possible used as diesel fuel replacements.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic method of Biodiesel production from Palm kernel

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. Onanuga ◽  
J. O. Coker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Alternative Diesel Fuel

Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel derived from chemical reactors produced from palm kernel oil, is currently spreading like a wind dust in the air. It is considered as the fuel for the future without rise in global warming. It has advantages over the fossil fuel diesel as sustainability (renewable resources), ease of production, and availability of raw materials. The study examines the biodiesel produced through transesterification of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with methanol using granulated sodium hydroxide as catalyst through ultrasonic method. The palm kernel oil biodiesel produced was characterized as alternative diesel fuel through standard tests (ASTM) for basic fuel properties such as viscosity, cloud point, pour point, flash point and specific gravity as well as economical feasibility for Nigeria. The result showed that 875g of palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) with 175g of methanol using 13g of sodium hydroxide (granulated) subjected to ultrasonic method for 1 hour through transesterification process produced 96.23% of biodiesel and 16.89% of glycerol plus high excess methanol wasallowed to settle for 6 hours. Two layers were observed containing unwashed biodiesel at the top and darker layers of glycerin. After washing the biodiesel with warm water, the cleaned, biodiesel was dried by heat to remove the moisture from and allowed to settle down. A bright colour biodiesel was obtained which was within the international standard for biodiesel fuel.

scholarly journals The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Iwan Ridwan ◽  
Mukhtar Ghazali ◽  
Adi Kusmayadi ◽  
Resza Diwansyah Putra ◽  
Nina Marlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Acid Esterification

The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

scholarly journals Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Shafaq Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Transesterification Using a Co-solvent of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanh Ngoc Thi Le ◽  
Kiyoshi Imamura ◽  
Norie Watanabe ◽  
Masakazu Furuta ◽  
Norimichi Takenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed ◽  
Acid Methyl

Analysis of Lipids Produced by Microalgae Isolated from the Area around Okinawa, Japan

2017 ◽  
pp. 222-233
Author(s):  
Shinya Ikematsu ◽  
Ipputa Tada ◽  
Yasuma Nagasaki
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Petroleum reserves have been decreasing in recent years and microalgae are attractive as a potential source of new biomass petroleum. Microalgae are unicellar microscopic algae and most species microalgae produce lipids. In particular, Botryococcus braunii produces large amount of lipids found with nearly 70% on the basis of the dry weight. This chapter reviews high lipid-producing microalgae found from Okinawa area around National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College (NIT, Okinawa). The microalgae collected were isolated on an AF-6 agar plates, and incubated in AF-6 medium. The fatty acids were extracted from the algae, converted into fatty acid methyl esters, and analysed by GC/MS. As a result, two microalgae strains were identified that the produced fatty acids was loaded in the algae with nearly 20% in the dry weight base. In addition, these two microalgae strains produced palmitic acid as nearly 40% of the total produced lipids. Therefore, the two microalga strains isolated are potentially and highly efficient for the organisms applied for the production of biodiesel fuel.

The Effect of Biodiesel Composition on Characteristics of Blended Summer Diesel Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 850 ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Valdis Kampars ◽  
Ruta Kampare ◽  
Anastasija Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Cold Flow ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Good Potential

The blends of varying proportions of biodiesel fuel containing fatty acid methyl esters and triacetin (FAME*), synthesised accordingly to Latvian patent LV 15 373 and summer diesel were prepared, analysed and compared with diesel fuel. The selected fuel properties (viscosity, density, carbon residue and cold flow properties) tested accordingly to standard LVS-EN 14214 have indicated a good potential of FAME*, obtained by synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by simultaneous conversion of glycerol to triacetin as a renewable diesel engine fuel. The results showed that blends containing 5 to 25% of FAME* in summer diesel yielded the properties closely matching that of diesel.Introduction

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