Scaling Analysis and Modeling of Immiscible Forced Gravity Drainage Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahdi Moshir Farahi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Rasaei ◽  
Behzad Rostami ◽  
Mostafa Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gravity Drainage ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Fluid Displacement ◽  
Heterogeneous Reservoirs ◽  
Permeability Heterogeneity ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Dimensionless Groups ◽  
Flow Mechanisms

Scaling study of fluids displacement leads to proper understanding of pore-to-field scale flow mechanisms and correct evaluation of effectiveness of various recovery methods. Scaling study of immiscible forced gravity drainage, or gas assisted gravity drainage (GAGD), at laboratory scale and reservoir scale is considered here. Inspectional analysis (IA) is used to determine dimensionless scaling groups that characterize the fluid displacement and production mechanisms. It is found that scaling immiscible GAGD displacement in a homogeneous reservoir needs matching of five dimensionless scaling groups. For heterogeneous reservoirs, Dykstra-Parson coefficient which represents the permeability heterogeneity is also required. It is shown that none of the dimensionless groups can individually correlate the efficiency of the process. Hence, a new combined dimensionless group in reservoir scale which incorporates all the dominant forces is derived. The model is evaluated and verified by comparing its predictions with experimental results and extensive field simulations figures. The model is found reliable for fast oil recovery prediction of GAGD process after 2 pore volume injection in homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs and proposing their optimal production plan.

A New Polymer Application for North Sea Reservoirs

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Spildo ◽  
Arne Skauge ◽  
Morten G. Aarra ◽  
Medad T. Tweheyo
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Heterogeneous Reservoirs ◽  
Permeability Heterogeneity ◽  
Injection Water ◽  
Polymer Application

Summary Field trials have demonstrated increased oil recovery by injection of colloidal dispersion gels (CDG). Characteristics of these trials include reservoirs characterized by high permeability heterogeneity and low injection water salinities. The enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been attributed to improved waterflood sweep in the rather heterogeneous reservoirs where this method has been applied. This study presents an investigation of the applicability of CDG at higher salinity, and particularly sandstone North Sea oil reservoir applications. Earlier laboratory work and field trials involving CDG have involved relatively low reservoir temperatures and low injection water salinity (~5000 µg/g). This study involves experiments at high temperature (85°C) and salinity (~35 000 µg/g). When crosslinking is complete, the CDG solutions have slightly lower viscosities than the corresponding polymer solutions, and they also appear to be more stable at high temperatures. In preparation for a field pilot, several coreflood experiments have been conducted. Significant increase in oil recovery resulting from CDG injection has increased the interest for a field trial in a North Sea oil field. On average, 40% of the remaining oil after waterflooding was produced by CDG injection in linear corefloods, and a mechanism of microscopic diversion is proposed to explain these results. Our hypothesis is that CDG injection can contribute as an EOR method, giving both a microscopic diversion and a macroscopic sweep.

scholarly journals Identifying Reservoir Features via iSOR Response Behaviour

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Jingyi Wang ◽  
Ian Gates
Keyword(s):  
Oil Sands ◽  
Gravity Drainage ◽  
Athabasca Oil Sands ◽  
Steam Chamber ◽  
Heterogeneous Reservoirs ◽  
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ◽  
Response Behaviour

To extract viscous bitumen from oil sands reservoirs, steam is injected into the formation to lower the bitumen’s viscosity enabling sufficient mobility for its production to the surface. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the preferred process for Athabasca oil sands reservoirs but its performance suffers in heterogeneous reservoirs leading to an elevated steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) above that which would be observed in a clean oil sands reservoir. This implies that the SOR could be used as a signature to understand the nature of heterogeneities or other features in reservoirs. In the research reported here, the use of the SOR as a signal to provide information on the heterogeneity of the reservoir is explored. The analysis conducted on prototypical reservoirs reveals that the instantaneous SOR (iSOR) can be used to identify reservoir features. The results show that the iSOR profile exhibits specific signatures that can be used to identify when the steam chamber reaches the top of the formation, a lean zone, a top gas zone, and shale layers.

Investigation of Emulsion Flow in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C.. C. Ezeuko ◽  
J.. Wang ◽  
I.D.. D. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gravity Drainage ◽  
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ◽  
Emulsion Flow ◽  
Very High ◽  
Effective Representation

Summary We present a numerical simulation approach that allows incorporation of emulsion modeling into steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) simulations with commercial reservoir simulators by means of a two-stage pseudochemical reaction. Numerical simulation results show excellent agreement with experimental data for low-pressure SAGD, accounting for approximately 24% deficiency in simulated oil recovery, compared with experimental data. Incorporating viscosity alteration, multiphase effect, and enthalpy of emulsification appears sufficient for effective representation of in-situ emulsion physics during SAGD in very-high-permeability systems. We observed that multiphase effects appear to dominate the viscosity effect of emulsion flow under SAGD conditions of heavy-oil (bitumen) recovery. Results also show that in-situ emulsification may play a vital role within the reservoir during SAGD, increasing bitumen mobility and thereby decreasing cumulative steam/oil ratio (cSOR). Results from this work extend understanding of SAGD by examining its performance in the presence of in-situ emulsification and associated flow of emulsion with bitumen in porous media.

Gravity Drainage System: Investigation and Field Development Using Geological Modelling and Reservoir Simulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obinna Somadina Ezeaneche ◽  
Robinson Osita Madu ◽  
Ishioma Bridget Oshilike ◽  
Orrelo Jerry Athoja ◽  
Mike Obi Onyekonwu
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Simulation ◽  
Structural Control ◽  
History Matching ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Gravity Drainage ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Reservoir Performance

Abstract Proper understanding of reservoir producing mechanism forms a backbone for optimal fluid recovery in any reservoir. Such an understanding is usually fostered by a detailed petrophysical evaluation, structural interpretation, geological description and modelling as well as production performance assessment prior to history matching and reservoir simulation. In this study, gravity drainage mechanism was identified as the primary force for production in reservoir X located in Niger Delta province and this required proper model calibration using variation of vertical anisotropic ratio based on identified facies as against a single value method which does not capture heterogeneity properly. Using structural maps generated from interpretation of seismic data, and other petrophysical parameters from available well logs and core data such as porosity, permeability and facies description based on environment of deposition, a geological model capturing the structural dips, facies distribution and well locations was built. Dynamic modeling was conducted on the base case model and also on the low and high case conceptual models to capture different structural dips of the reservoir. The result from history matching of the base case model reveals that variation of vertical anisotropic ratio (i.e. kv/kh) based on identified facies across the system is more effective in capturing heterogeneity than using a deterministic value that is more popular. In addition, gas segregated fastest in the high case model with the steepest dip compared to the base and low case models. An improved dynamic model saturation match was achieved in line with the geological description and the observed reservoir performance. Quick wins scenarios were identified and this led to an additional reserve yield of over 1MMSTB. Therefore, structural control, facies type, reservoir thickness and nature of oil volatility are key forces driving the gravity drainage mechanism.

Study on the Intravenous Lung Assist Device (ILAD) Using PZT Actuators and PVDF Sensors

2008 ◽  
Vol 381-382 ◽  
pp. 353-356
Author(s):  
Gi Beum Kim ◽  
S.J. Kim ◽  
Y.C. Lee ◽  
C.U. Hong ◽  
H.S. Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Membrane Oxygenator ◽  
Assist Device ◽  
Dimensionless Groups ◽  
Membrane Vibrations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Membrane Vibration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vibration device in gas transfer rate for usage as intravenous lung assist device. Specific attention was focused on the effect of membrane vibration. Quantitative experimental measurements were performed to evaluate the performance of the device, and to identify membrane vibration dependence on hemolysis. Scaling analysis was then used to infer the dimensionless groups that correlate the performance of a vibrated hollow tube membrane oxygenator. The experimental design and procedure are then given for a device for assessing the effectiveness of membrane vibrations. This ILAD is used to provide some insight into how wall vibrations might enhance the performance of an intravascular lung assist device. The time and the frequency response of PVDF sensor were investigated through various frequencies in the ILAD. In these devices, the flow of blood and the source of oxygen were separated by a semipermeable membrane allows oxygen to diffuse into and out of the f1uid, respectively. The results of experiments have shown vibrating ILAD performs effectively.

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